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@tevm/voltaire
@tevm/voltaire / evm / Storage

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Storage

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Functions

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sload()

sload(frame, host): EvmError | null
Defined in: src/evm/storage/handlers/0x54_SLOAD.js:26 SLOAD (0x54) - Load word from storage Stack: in: key out: value Gas: 100 (warm) or 2100 (cold) - EIP-2929 EIP-2929 (Berlin+): Warm/cold storage access tracking
  • First access to slot: 2100 gas (cold)
  • Subsequent accesses: 100 gas (warm)
  • Slot is marked warm for rest of transaction

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Parameters

frame
BrandedFrame Frame instance
host
BrandedHost Host interface

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Returns

EvmError | null Error if any

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sstore()

sstore(frame, host): EvmError | null
Defined in: src/evm/storage/handlers/0x55_SSTORE.js:44 SSTORE (0x55) - Save word to storage Stack: in: key, value out: - Gas: Complex - EIP-2200 (Istanbul+) / EIP-2929 (Berlin+) / EIP-3529 (London+) EIP-2200 (Istanbul+):
  • Sentry: Requires >= 2300 gas remaining
  • Cost varies based on current vs original value
  • Refunds for clearing and restoring values
EIP-2929 (Berlin+):
  • Cold/warm storage slot tracking
  • Cold slot access adds 2000 gas (100 -> 2100 for first access)
EIP-3529 (London+):
  • Reduced refunds: 4800 instead of 15000 for clearing
  • Max refund capped at 20% of tx gas
Pre-Istanbul:
  • Zero to non-zero: 20000 gas
  • Otherwise: 5000 gas
  • Refund 15000 when clearing

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Parameters

frame
BrandedFrame Frame instance
host
BrandedHost Host interface

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Returns

EvmError | null Error if any

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tload()

tload(frame, host): EvmError | null
Defined in: src/evm/storage/handlers/0x5c_TLOAD.js:21 TLOAD (0x5c) - Load word from transient storage Stack: in: key out: value Gas: 100 EIP-1153: Transient storage opcodes (Cancun hardfork)
  • Transaction-scoped storage, cleared at end of transaction
  • No refunds or complex gas metering

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Parameters

frame
BrandedFrame Frame instance
host
BrandedHost Host interface

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Returns

EvmError | null Error if any

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tstore()

tstore(frame, host): EvmError | null
Defined in: src/evm/storage/handlers/0x5d_TSTORE.js:22 TSTORE (0x5d) - Save word to transient storage Stack: in: key, value out: - Gas: 100 EIP-1153: Transient storage opcodes (Cancun hardfork)
  • Transaction-scoped storage, cleared at end of transaction
  • No refunds or complex gas metering
  • Cannot be called in static context

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Parameters

frame
BrandedFrame Frame instance
host
BrandedHost Host interface

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Returns

EvmError | null Error if any