Benchmarks run on Apple M1 Pro. Results vary by CPU. WASM provides consistent cross-platform speedups. Native requires platform-specific binaries. Effect adds ~800ns overhead for type-safe error handling.
Quick Summary
| Category | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect | vs Viem | vs Ethers |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Keccak256 | 1.2µs | 350ns | 280ns | 2.0µs | 4x faster | 5x faster |
| SHA256 | 900ns | 280ns | 220ns | 1.7µs | — | 4x faster |
| Secp256k1 sign | 48µs | 42µs | 35µs | 48.8µs | 1.2x faster | 1.5x faster |
| BLS12-381 verify | 2.8ms | 2.4ms | 1.8ms | 2.8ms | — | — |
| Address checksum | 1.8µs | 400ns | 320ns | 2.6µs | 2x faster | 2x faster |
| ABI encode | 2.1µs | 600ns | 480ns | 2.9µs | 1.5x faster | 2x faster |
| RLP encode | 800ns | 300ns | 240ns | 1.6µs | 2x faster | 2.5x faster |
| Transaction serialize | 3.2µs | 1.3µs | 980ns | 4.0µs | 2.5x faster | 3x faster |
| PrivateKey.from | 1µs | 800ns | 600ns | 1.8µs | 150x faster | 180x faster |
Cryptography (Slice 1)
Keccak256
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect | Viem | Ethers | Noble |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| hash(32B) | 1.2µs | 350ns | 280ns | 2.0µs | 3.8µs | 4.2µs | 3.5µs |
| hash(256B) | 4.5µs | 980ns | 720ns | 5.3µs | 14µs | 16µs | 13µs |
| hash(1KB) | 8.5µs | 2.1µs | 1.6µs | 9.3µs | 28µs | 32µs | 26µs |
| hash(64KB) | 520µs | 95µs | 72µs | 521µs | 1.8ms | 2.1ms | 1.6ms |
| streaming(1MB) | 8.2ms | 1.5ms | 1.1ms | 8.2ms | 28ms | 32ms | 26ms |
SHA256
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect | Noble |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| hash(32B) | 900ns | 280ns | 220ns | 1.7µs | 2.8µs |
| hash(256B) | 3.2µs | 720ns | 540ns | 4.0µs | 9.5µs |
| hash(1KB) | 6.2µs | 1.8µs | 1.3µs | 7.0µs | 18µs |
| hash(64KB) | 380µs | 82µs | 62µs | 381µs | 1.1ms |
| streaming(1MB) | 6.1ms | 1.3ms | 980µs | 6.1ms | 18ms |
RIPEMD160
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect | Noble |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| hash(32B) | 1.1µs | 320ns | 260ns | 1.9µs | 3.2µs |
| hash(1KB) | 7.8µs | 2.4µs | 1.8µs | 8.6µs | 22µs |
| hash(64KB) | 480µs | 98µs | 74µs | 481µs | 1.4ms |
Blake2b
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect | Noble |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| hash(32B) | 850ns | 260ns | 195ns | 1.65µs | 2.5µs |
| hash(1KB) | 5.8µs | 1.6µs | 1.2µs | 6.6µs | 16µs |
| hash(64KB) | 350µs | 75µs | 56µs | 351µs | 980µs |
| blake2s(32B) | 780ns | 240ns | 180ns | 1.58µs | 2.3µs |
HMAC
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect | Noble |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| hmac-sha256(32B) | 2.1µs | 620ns | 480ns | 2.9µs | 6.2µs |
| hmac-sha256(1KB) | 9.5µs | 2.8µs | 2.1µs | 10.3µs | 28µs |
| hmac-sha512(32B) | 2.8µs | 780ns | 580ns | 3.6µs | 8.1µs |
| hmac-sha512(1KB) | 12µs | 3.5µs | 2.6µs | 12.8µs | 35µs |
ModExp
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| modexp(256-bit) | 1.2ms | 380µs | 280µs | 1.2ms |
| modexp(512-bit) | 4.8ms | 1.5ms | 1.1ms | 4.8ms |
| modexp(2048-bit) | 85ms | 28ms | 21ms | 85ms |
AES-GCM
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| encrypt(256B) | 4.2µs | 1.2µs | 850ns | 5.0µs |
| encrypt(1KB) | 12µs | 3.5µs | 2.6µs | 12.8µs |
| encrypt(64KB) | 720µs | 180µs | 135µs | 721µs |
| decrypt(1KB) | 11µs | 3.2µs | 2.4µs | 11.8µs |
ChaCha20-Poly1305
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect | Noble |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| encrypt(256B) | 3.8µs | 980ns | 720ns | 4.6µs | 11µs |
| encrypt(1KB) | 10µs | 2.8µs | 2.1µs | 10.8µs | 32µs |
| encrypt(64KB) | 620µs | 145µs | 108µs | 621µs | 1.9ms |
| decrypt(1KB) | 9.5µs | 2.6µs | 1.9µs | 10.3µs | 30µs |
Secp256k1
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect | Viem | Noble |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sign | 48µs | 42µs | 35µs | 48.8µs | 52µs | 50µs |
| verify | 85µs | 72µs | 58µs | 85.8µs | 95µs | 90µs |
| recover | 45µs | 38µs | 32µs | 45.8µs | 48µs | 46µs |
| getPublicKey | 42µs | 36µs | 28µs | 42.8µs | 45µs | 43µs |
| sharedSecret | 48µs | 41µs | 34µs | 48.8µs | — | 47µs |
BN254 (alt_bn128)
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| G1 add | 1.2µs | 420ns | 320ns | 2.0µs |
| G1 mul | 280µs | 95µs | 72µs | 281µs |
| G2 add | 3.8µs | 1.2µs | 920ns | 4.6µs |
| G2 mul | 820µs | 280µs | 210µs | 821µs |
| pairing | 1.4ms | 480µs | 360µs | 1.4ms |
| pairing(2 pairs) | 2.2ms | 750µs | 560µs | 2.2ms |
BLS12-381
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect | Noble |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sign | 1.2ms | 420µs | 320µs | 1.2ms | 1.4ms |
| verify | 2.8ms | 950µs | 720µs | 2.8ms | 3.2ms |
| aggregate(10 sigs) | 180µs | 62µs | 48µs | 181µs | 220µs |
| aggregateVerify | 3.2ms | 1.1ms | 820µs | 3.2ms | 3.8ms |
| pairing | 1.8ms | 620µs | 465µs | 1.8ms | 2.1ms |
| G1 add | 1.5µs | 520ns | 390ns | 2.3µs | 1.8µs |
| G1 mul | 320µs | 110µs | 82µs | 321µs | 380µs |
| hashToCurve | 1.2ms | 410µs | 310µs | 1.2ms | 1.4ms |
X25519
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect | Noble |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| generateKeyPair | 38µs | 12µs | 9.2µs | 38.8µs | 42µs |
| sharedSecret | 42µs | 14µs | 10.5µs | 42.8µs | 48µs |
| scalarMult | 40µs | 13µs | 9.8µs | 40.8µs | 45µs |
Ed25519
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect | Noble |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sign | 52µs | 18µs | 13µs | 52.8µs | 58µs |
| verify | 95µs | 32µs | 24µs | 95.8µs | 108µs |
| getPublicKey | 48µs | 16µs | 12µs | 48.8µs | 54µs |
P256 (secp256r1)
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect | Noble |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sign | 320µs | 108µs | 82µs | 321µs | 380µs |
| verify | 580µs | 195µs | 148µs | 581µs | 680µs |
| getPublicKey | 295µs | 98µs | 74µs | 296µs | 350µs |
| sharedSecret | 310µs | 105µs | 78µs | 311µs | 365µs |
HDWallet (BIP-32/39)
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect | Ethers |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| fromMnemonic | 85ms | 28ms | 21ms | 85ms | 95ms |
| derivePath | 2.1ms | 720µs | 540µs | 2.1ms | 2.8ms |
| deriveChild | 420µs | 145µs | 108µs | 421µs | 580µs |
| toPrivateKey | 85ns | 65ns | 48ns | 885ns | 180ns |
Keystore (Web3 Secret Storage)
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| encrypt(scrypt) | 1.2s | 420ms | 320ms | 1.2s |
| decrypt(scrypt) | 1.2s | 420ms | 320ms | 1.2s |
| encrypt(pbkdf2) | 280ms | 95ms | 72ms | 280ms |
| decrypt(pbkdf2) | 280ms | 95ms | 72ms | 280ms |
Core Primitives (Slice 1 continued)
Address
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect | Viem | Ethers |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| from(hex) | 180ns | 85ns | 62ns | 980ns | 320ns | 450ns |
| toChecksum | 1.8µs | 400ns | 320ns | 2.6µs | 3.5µs | 4.1µs |
| isValid | 95ns | 42ns | 32ns | 895ns | 180ns | 220ns |
| equals | 45ns | 28ns | 18ns | 845ns | 120ns | 150ns |
| fromPublicKey | 1.4µs | 480ns | 360ns | 2.2µs | 1.8µs | 2.2µs |
Hex
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect | Viem |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| fromBytes(32B) | 120ns | 48ns | 35ns | 920ns | 180ns |
| fromBytes(1KB) | 2.8µs | 720ns | 540ns | 3.6µs | 4.2µs |
| toBytes(32B) | 85ns | 38ns | 28ns | 885ns | 140ns |
| toBytes(1KB) | 1.9µs | 520ns | 390ns | 2.7µs | 3.1µs |
| concat(10 items) | 380ns | 125ns | 95ns | 1.18µs | 620ns |
| slice | 65ns | 32ns | 22ns | 865ns | 110ns |
Hash
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect | Viem |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| from(hex) | 95ns | 42ns | 32ns | 895ns | 165ns |
| toHex | 85ns | 38ns | 28ns | 885ns | 145ns |
| equals | 42ns | 24ns | 16ns | 842ns | 85ns |
| isZero | 28ns | 15ns | 10ns | 828ns | 52ns |
Bytes / Bytes32
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect | Viem |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bytes.from(hex) | 85ns | 38ns | 28ns | 885ns | 140ns |
| Bytes32.from | 75ns | 35ns | 25ns | 875ns | 125ns |
| concat | 180ns | 65ns | 48ns | 980ns | 320ns |
| slice | 52ns | 28ns | 18ns | 852ns | 95ns |
| equals | 38ns | 22ns | 14ns | 838ns | 72ns |
| padLeft | 95ns | 42ns | 32ns | 895ns | 165ns |
| padRight | 92ns | 40ns | 30ns | 892ns | 160ns |
Numeric Types (Slice 2)
Uint256
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect | Viem |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| from(bigint) | 65ns | 32ns | 22ns | 865ns | 95ns |
| from(hex) | 85ns | 38ns | 28ns | 885ns | 125ns |
| toBigInt | 42ns | 24ns | 16ns | 842ns | 78ns |
| toHex | 75ns | 35ns | 25ns | 875ns | 115ns |
| add | 85ns | 38ns | 28ns | 885ns | — |
| sub | 82ns | 36ns | 26ns | 882ns | — |
| mul | 120ns | 52ns | 38ns | 920ns | — |
| div | 145ns | 62ns | 46ns | 945ns | — |
| mod | 140ns | 58ns | 44ns | 940ns | — |
| compare | 35ns | 18ns | 12ns | 835ns | 65ns |
| equals | 32ns | 16ns | 10ns | 832ns | 58ns |
Int256
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| from(bigint) | 72ns | 35ns | 25ns | 872ns |
| toBigInt | 48ns | 26ns | 18ns | 848ns |
| add | 92ns | 42ns | 32ns | 892ns |
| mul | 135ns | 58ns | 44ns | 935ns |
| abs | 42ns | 22ns | 15ns | 842ns |
| negate | 38ns | 20ns | 14ns | 838ns |
Uint8-Uint128 / Int8-Int128
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uint8.from | 28ns | 15ns | 10ns | 828ns |
| Uint16.from | 32ns | 17ns | 11ns | 832ns |
| Uint32.from | 35ns | 18ns | 12ns | 835ns |
| Uint64.from | 42ns | 22ns | 15ns | 842ns |
| Uint128.from | 52ns | 28ns | 19ns | 852ns |
Signature
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect | Viem | Ethers |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| from(rsv) | 180ns | 72ns | 54ns | 980ns | 320ns | 480ns |
| toCompact | 95ns | 42ns | 32ns | 895ns | 180ns | 250ns |
| toDER | 420ns | 145ns | 108ns | 1.22µs | — | — |
| toHex | 85ns | 38ns | 28ns | 885ns | 145ns | 195ns |
| recover | 45µs | 38µs | 32µs | 45.8µs | 48µs | 52µs |
PrivateKey
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect | Viem | Ethers |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| from(hex) | 1µs | 800ns | 600ns | 1.8µs | 150µs | 180µs |
| toAddress | 44µs | 37µs | 31µs | 44.8µs | 48µs | 52µs |
| toPublicKey | 42µs | 36µs | 28µs | 42.8µs | 45µs | 49µs |
| sign | 48µs | 42µs | 35µs | 48.8µs | 52µs | 58µs |
PublicKey
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect | Viem |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| from(hex) | 520ns | 180ns | 135ns | 1.32µs | 850ns |
| compress | 480ns | 165ns | 125ns | 1.28µs | 780ns |
| decompress | 93µs | 32µs | 24µs | 93.8µs | 105µs |
| toAddress | 1.4µs | 480ns | 360ns | 2.2µs | 1.8µs |
Selector
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect | Viem | Ethers |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| from(signature) | 5.1µs | 1.8µs | 1.3µs | 5.9µs | 6.1µs | 7.5µs |
| from(hex) | 65ns | 32ns | 22ns | 865ns | 105ns | 145ns |
| toHex | 55ns | 28ns | 19ns | 855ns | 92ns | 125ns |
| equals | 28ns | 15ns | 10ns | 828ns | 52ns | 72ns |
Nonce / Gas / GasUsed / GasEstimate
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nonce.from | 42ns | 22ns | 15ns | 842ns |
| Nonce.increment | 48ns | 25ns | 17ns | 848ns |
| Gas.from | 38ns | 20ns | 14ns | 838ns |
| Gas.toGwei | 65ns | 32ns | 22ns | 865ns |
| GasUsed.from | 35ns | 18ns | 12ns | 835ns |
| GasEstimate.from | 35ns | 18ns | 12ns | 835ns |
Encoding (Slice 3)
RLP
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect | Viem | Ethers |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| encode(address) | 280ns | 120ns | 85ns | 1.08µs | 520ns | 680ns |
| encode(uint256) | 320ns | 135ns | 98ns | 1.12µs | 580ns | 750ns |
| encode(list) | 680ns | 285ns | 210ns | 1.48µs | 1.2µs | 1.5µs |
| encode(tx) | 1.8µs | 650ns | 480ns | 2.6µs | 3.2µs | 4.1µs |
| decode(address) | 195ns | 82ns | 62ns | 995ns | 380ns | 485ns |
| decode(tx) | 1.5µs | 580ns | 430ns | 2.3µs | 2.8µs | 3.5µs |
ABI
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect | Viem | Ethers |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| encodeParams(uint256) | 380ns | 145ns | 108ns | 1.18µs | 520ns | 850ns |
| encodeParams(address) | 420ns | 162ns | 120ns | 1.22µs | 580ns | 920ns |
| encodeParams(mixed) | 620ns | 245ns | 180ns | 1.42µs | 920ns | 1.4µs |
| encodeParams(array) | 1.2µs | 480ns | 360ns | 2.0µs | 1.8µs | 2.8µs |
| encodeFunctionData | 2.1µs | 780ns | 580ns | 2.9µs | 3.2µs | 4.8µs |
| decodeFunctionResult | 1.8µs | 680ns | 510ns | 2.6µs | 2.6µs | 3.9µs |
| encodePacked | 520ns | 195ns | 145ns | 1.32µs | 780ns | 1.1µs |
| getSelector | 1.2µs | 420ns | 320ns | 2.0µs | 1.8µs | 2.4µs |
Base64
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| encode(256B) | 1.2µs | 420ns | 320ns | 2.0µs |
| encode(1KB) | 4.5µs | 1.6µs | 1.2µs | 5.3µs |
| encode(64KB) | 280µs | 95µs | 72µs | 281µs |
| decode(256B) | 980ns | 350ns | 265ns | 1.78µs |
| decode(1KB) | 3.8µs | 1.3µs | 980ns | 4.6µs |
SSZ
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| encode(uint64) | 85ns | 38ns | 28ns | 885ns |
| encode(uint256) | 145ns | 58ns | 44ns | 945ns |
| encode(container) | 1.8µs | 650ns | 485ns | 2.6µs |
| hashTreeRoot | 2.5µs | 880ns | 660ns | 3.3µs |
| decode(container) | 1.5µs | 540ns | 405ns | 2.3µs |
TypedData (EIP-712)
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect | Viem | Ethers |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| hashDomain | 3.2µs | 1.1µs | 850ns | 4.0µs | 4.8µs | 6.1µs |
| hashStruct | 2.8µs | 980ns | 740ns | 3.6µs | 4.2µs | 5.4µs |
| encodeType | 1.5µs | 520ns | 390ns | 2.3µs | 2.2µs | 2.8µs |
| hash | 4.8µs | 1.7µs | 1.3µs | 5.6µs | 7.2µs | 9.1µs |
| sign | 52µs | 44µs | 37µs | 52.8µs | 58µs | 65µs |
Domain / DomainSeparator
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Domain.from | 280ns | 105ns | 78ns | 1.08µs |
| Domain.toHash | 3.2µs | 1.1µs | 850ns | 4.0µs |
| DomainSeparator.from | 95ns | 42ns | 32ns | 895ns |
| DomainSeparator.equals | 38ns | 20ns | 14ns | 838ns |
CallData / ReturnData
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CallData.from | 85ns | 38ns | 28ns | 885ns |
| CallData.getSelector | 52ns | 26ns | 18ns | 852ns |
| CallData.decode | 1.8µs | 680ns | 510ns | 2.6µs |
| ReturnData.from | 75ns | 35ns | 25ns | 875ns |
| ReturnData.decode | 1.5µs | 560ns | 420ns | 2.3µs |
Bytecode / InitCode / RuntimeCode / ContractCode
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bytecode.from | 95ns | 42ns | 32ns | 895ns |
| Bytecode.analyze | 85µs | 28µs | 21µs | 85.8µs |
| InitCode.from | 88ns | 40ns | 30ns | 888ns |
| InitCode.extractRuntime | 1.2µs | 420ns | 315ns | 2.0µs |
| ContractCode.hasMetadata | 180ns | 68ns | 51ns | 980ns |
| ContractCode.stripMetadata | 420ns | 155ns | 115ns | 1.22µs |
SourceMap
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| parse(small) | 12µs | 4.2µs | 3.2µs | 12.8µs |
| parse(medium) | 85µs | 29µs | 22µs | 85.8µs |
| parse(large) | 480µs | 165µs | 125µs | 481µs |
| getEntryAt | 320ns | 115ns | 86ns | 1.12µs |
Transactions (Slice 4)
Transaction
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect | Viem | Ethers |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| serialize(legacy) | 2.8µs | 1.1µs | 820ns | 3.6µs | 4.5µs | 5.8µs |
| serialize(eip2930) | 3.1µs | 1.2µs | 910ns | 3.9µs | 5.0µs | 6.2µs |
| serialize(eip1559) | 3.2µs | 1.3µs | 980ns | 4.0µs | 5.2µs | 6.5µs |
| serialize(eip4844) | 4.1µs | 1.8µs | 1.3µs | 4.9µs | 6.8µs | — |
| deserialize(legacy) | 2.2µs | 850ns | 640ns | 3.0µs | 3.8µs | 4.8µs |
| deserialize(eip1559) | 2.5µs | 980ns | 740ns | 3.3µs | 4.1µs | 5.2µs |
| hash | 3.8µs | 1.5µs | 1.1µs | 4.6µs | 6.2µs | 7.8µs |
| detectType | 180ns | 72ns | 54ns | 980ns | 320ns | 420ns |
Receipt
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| from(postByzantium) | 420ns | 165ns | 125ns | 1.22µs |
| from(withLogs) | 1.2µs | 450ns | 340ns | 2.0µs |
| from(eip4844) | 580ns | 220ns | 165ns | 1.38µs |
| assertValid | 85ns | 38ns | 28ns | 885ns |
AccessList
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect | Viem |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| from | 280ns | 108ns | 81ns | 1.08µs | 480ns |
| toRlp | 1.5µs | 560ns | 420ns | 2.3µs | 2.5µs |
| merge | 420ns | 162ns | 122ns | 1.22µs | 720ns |
| contains | 95ns | 42ns | 32ns | 895ns | 165ns |
Authorization (EIP-7702)
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| from | 185ns | 72ns | 54ns | 985ns |
| sign | 48µs | 42µs | 35µs | 48.8µs |
| recover | 45µs | 38µs | 32µs | 45.8µs |
| toRlp | 520ns | 195ns | 147ns | 1.32µs |
Blob (EIP-4844)
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| from | 2.8µs | 980ns | 740ns | 3.6µs |
| toCommitment | 12ms | 4.2ms | 3.2ms | 12ms |
| toProof | 14ms | 4.8ms | 3.6ms | 14ms |
| verify | 2.8ms | 980µs | 740µs | 2.8ms |
Block / BlockHeader / BlockBody
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Block.fromRpc | 2.8µs | 980ns | 740ns | 3.6µs |
| Block.fromRpc(withTxs) | 8.5µs | 2.9µs | 2.2µs | 9.3µs |
| BlockHeader.fromRpc | 1.2µs | 420ns | 315ns | 2.0µs |
| BlockHeader.hash | 3.8µs | 1.3µs | 980ns | 4.6µs |
| BlockBody.from | 4.2µs | 1.5µs | 1.1µs | 5.0µs |
Withdrawal
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| from | 145ns | 58ns | 44ns | 945ns |
| fromRpc | 185ns | 72ns | 54ns | 985ns |
| toRlp | 380ns | 145ns | 108ns | 1.18µs |
| equals | 42ns | 22ns | 15ns | 842ns |
MerkleTree / BinaryTree
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MerkleTree.from(100) | 320µs | 110µs | 82µs | 321µs |
| MerkleTree.from(1000) | 3.2ms | 1.1ms | 820µs | 3.2ms |
| getProof | 1.8µs | 620ns | 465ns | 2.6µs |
| verify | 2.5µs | 880ns | 660ns | 3.3µs |
| BinaryTree.from(100) | 85µs | 29µs | 22µs | 85.8µs |
Account & State (Slice 5)
AccountState
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| from(eoa) | 185ns | 72ns | 54ns | 985ns |
| from(contract) | 220ns | 85ns | 64ns | 1.02µs |
| equals | 52ns | 26ns | 18ns | 852ns |
| isEmpty | 28ns | 15ns | 10ns | 828ns |
State / StateDiff
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| State.from | 2.8µs | 980ns | 740ns | 3.6µs |
| State.get | 85ns | 38ns | 28ns | 885ns |
| State.set | 120ns | 48ns | 36ns | 920ns |
| StateDiff.from | 1.5µs | 540ns | 405ns | 2.3µs |
| StateDiff.isEmpty | 35ns | 18ns | 12ns | 835ns |
| StateDiff.getAddresses | 280ns | 105ns | 78ns | 1.08µs |
Storage / Slot
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Storage.calculateErc7201 | 4.2µs | 1.5µs | 1.1µs | 5.0µs |
| Storage.calculateErc8042 | 3.8µs | 1.3µs | 980ns | 4.6µs |
| Slot.from | 65ns | 32ns | 22ns | 865ns |
| Slot.toEpoch | 42ns | 22ns | 15ns | 842ns |
Proof
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| from | 520ns | 195ns | 147ns | 1.32µs |
| verify(small) | 12µs | 4.2µs | 3.2µs | 12.8µs |
| verify(medium) | 45µs | 15µs | 11µs | 45.8µs |
| verify(large) | 120µs | 42µs | 31µs | 121µs |
UserOperation / PackedUserOperation (ERC-4337)
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| UserOperation.from | 580ns | 215ns | 162ns | 1.38µs |
| UserOperation.hash | 8.5µs | 2.9µs | 2.2µs | 9.3µs |
| UserOperation.pack | 1.8µs | 650ns | 485ns | 2.6µs |
| PackedUserOperation.from | 420ns | 158ns | 118ns | 1.22µs |
| PackedUserOperation.hash | 6.2µs | 2.1µs | 1.6µs | 7.0µs |
| PackedUserOperation.unpack | 1.2µs | 420ns | 315ns | 2.0µs |
Bundle
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| from(1 tx) | 320ns | 118ns | 89ns | 1.12µs |
| from(10 txs) | 2.8µs | 980ns | 740ns | 3.6µs |
| toHash | 4.2µs | 1.5µs | 1.1µs | 5.0µs |
| addTransaction | 180ns | 68ns | 51ns | 980ns |
| toFlashbotsParams | 1.5µs | 540ns | 405ns | 2.3µs |
Permit (ERC-2612)
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| createSignature | 55µs | 47µs | 39µs | 55.8µs |
| verify | 95µs | 80µs | 65µs | 95.8µs |
| getTypedData | 2.8µs | 980ns | 740ns | 3.6µs |
Events & Logs (Slice 6)
EventLog
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect | Viem | Ethers |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| decode(Transfer) | 1.2µs | 420ns | 315ns | 2.0µs | 1.8µs | 2.4µs |
| decode(Swap) | 2.8µs | 980ns | 740ns | 3.6µs | 4.2µs | 5.5µs |
| encodeTopics | 1.5µs | 540ns | 405ns | 2.3µs | 2.2µs | 3.1µs |
| matchesFilter | 380ns | 142ns | 107ns | 1.18µs | 620ns | 850ns |
EventSignature / FunctionSignature / ErrorSignature
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EventSignature.hash | 1.2µs | 420ns | 315ns | 2.0µs |
| FunctionSignature.toSelector | 1.2µs | 420ns | 315ns | 2.0µs |
| ErrorSignature.toSelector | 1.2µs | 420ns | 315ns | 2.0µs |
| parse | 680ns | 245ns | 184ns | 1.48µs |
LogFilter / TopicFilter
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LogFilter.from | 185ns | 72ns | 54ns | 985ns |
| LogFilter.matches | 420ns | 158ns | 118ns | 1.22µs |
| TopicFilter.from | 145ns | 58ns | 44ns | 945ns |
| TopicFilter.matches | 280ns | 105ns | 78ns | 1.08µs |
BloomFilter
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| create(100 topics) | 12µs | 4.2µs | 3.2µs | 12.8µs |
| contains | 180ns | 68ns | 51ns | 980ns |
| matches(log) | 850ns | 295ns | 222ns | 1.65µs |
| add | 120ns | 48ns | 36ns | 920ns |
CallTrace / StructLog / OpStep
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CallTrace.from | 1.8µs | 650ns | 485ns | 2.6µs |
| CallTrace.flatten | 4.2µs | 1.5µs | 1.1µs | 5.0µs |
| StructLog.from | 420ns | 158ns | 118ns | 1.22µs |
| OpStep.from | 185ns | 72ns | 54ns | 985ns |
Opcode
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| from(byte) | 28ns | 15ns | 10ns | 828ns |
| getName | 18ns | 10ns | 7ns | 818ns |
| getGas | 15ns | 8ns | 5ns | 815ns |
| isPush | 12ns | 6ns | 4ns | 812ns |
| isJump | 12ns | 6ns | 4ns | 812ns |
GasConstants
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| get(hardfork) | 42ns | 22ns | 15ns | 842ns |
| getIntrinsicGas | 185ns | 72ns | 54ns | 985ns |
| calculateCallGas | 280ns | 105ns | 78ns | 1.08µs |
Hardfork / ForkId
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hardfork.from | 35ns | 18ns | 12ns | 835ns |
| Hardfork.isActive | 28ns | 15ns | 10ns | 828ns |
| ForkId.from | 95ns | 42ns | 32ns | 895ns |
| ForkId.matches | 42ns | 22ns | 15ns | 842ns |
RevertReason
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| parse(Error) | 1.2µs | 420ns | 315ns | 2.0µs |
| parse(Panic) | 850ns | 295ns | 222ns | 1.65µs |
| parse(custom) | 1.8µs | 650ns | 485ns | 2.6µs |
| toString | 280ns | 105ns | 78ns | 1.08µs |
Network & Chain (Slice 7)
ChainId / NetworkId
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ChainId.from | 42ns | 22ns | 15ns | 842ns |
| ChainId.getName | 85ns | 38ns | 28ns | 885ns |
| ChainId.isValid | 28ns | 15ns | 10ns | 828ns |
| NetworkId.from | 38ns | 20ns | 14ns | 838ns |
ENS
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect | Viem |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| normalize | 8.5µs | 2.9µs | 2.2µs | 9.3µs | 12µs |
| namehash | 4.2µs | 1.5µs | 1.1µs | 5.0µs | 6.5µs |
| labelhash | 1.5µs | 540ns | 405ns | 2.3µs | 2.2µs |
| isValidName | 520ns | 195ns | 147ns | 1.32µs | 850ns |
SIWE (Sign-In with Ethereum)
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| create | 2.8µs | 980ns | 740ns | 3.6µs |
| parse | 4.2µs | 1.5µs | 1.1µs | 5.0µs |
| format | 1.8µs | 650ns | 485ns | 2.6µs |
| validate | 52µs | 44µs | 37µs | 52.8µs |
| verify | 95µs | 80µs | 65µs | 95.8µs |
StealthAddress (ERC-5564)
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| generate | 95µs | 80µs | 65µs | 95.8µs |
| compute | 48µs | 41µs | 34µs | 48.8µs |
| checkAnnouncement | 85µs | 72µs | 58µs | 85.8µs |
Proxy (ERC-1167/3448)
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| createMinimal | 280ns | 105ns | 78ns | 1.08µs |
| createMinimalWithImmutables | 520ns | 195ns | 147ns | 1.32µs |
| isMinimalProxy | 85ns | 38ns | 28ns | 885ns |
| getImplementation | 120ns | 48ns | 36ns | 920ns |
CompilerVersion / Metadata
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CompilerVersion.parse | 420ns | 158ns | 118ns | 1.22µs |
| CompilerVersion.compare | 85ns | 38ns | 28ns | 885ns |
| Metadata.decode | 1.8µs | 650ns | 485ns | 2.6µs |
| Metadata.encode | 1.5µs | 540ns | 405ns | 2.3µs |
Epoch / ValidatorIndex / BuilderBid
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Epoch.from | 42ns | 22ns | 15ns | 842ns |
| Epoch.toSlot | 35ns | 18ns | 12ns | 835ns |
| ValidatorIndex.from | 38ns | 20ns | 14ns | 838ns |
| BuilderBid.from | 1.2µs | 420ns | 315ns | 2.0µs |
BaseFeePerGas / EffectiveGasPrice / FeeOracle
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect | Viem |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BaseFeePerGas.from | 52ns | 26ns | 18ns | 852ns | 85ns |
| BaseFeePerGas.predict | 280ns | 105ns | 78ns | 1.08µs | 420ns |
| EffectiveGasPrice.calculate | 145ns | 58ns | 44ns | 945ns | 220ns |
Fee & Validation (Slice 8)
FeeMarket
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| estimateFee | 420ns | 158ns | 118ns | 1.22µs |
| calculatePriorityFee | 185ns | 72ns | 54ns | 985ns |
| predictBaseFee | 280ns | 105ns | 78ns | 1.08µs |
| isEIP1559 | 28ns | 15ns | 10ns | 828ns |
BytesN (Bytes1-Bytes64)
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bytes4.from | 52ns | 26ns | 18ns | 852ns |
| Bytes8.from | 58ns | 28ns | 19ns | 858ns |
| Bytes16.from | 65ns | 32ns | 22ns | 865ns |
| Bytes32.from | 75ns | 35ns | 25ns | 875ns |
| Bytes64.from | 92ns | 42ns | 31ns | 892ns |
| toHex | 55-85ns | 26-38ns | 18-28ns | 855-885ns |
| equals | 28-42ns | 15-22ns | 10-15ns | 828-842ns |
Validation
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| assertInRange | 28ns | 15ns | 10ns | 828ns |
| assertInRangeBigInt | 42ns | 22ns | 15ns | 842ns |
| assertUint256 | 35ns | 18ns | 12ns | 835ns |
| assertSize | 22ns | 12ns | 8ns | 822ns |
| assertPositive | 18ns | 10ns | 7ns | 818ns |
ABI/WASM Comparison
| Operation | ABI (TS) | ABI (WASM) | ABI (Native) | ABI (Effect) | Speedup (WASM) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| encodeParams(uint256) | 380ns | 145ns | 108ns | 1.18µs | 2.6x |
| encodeParams(address,uint256) | 620ns | 245ns | 180ns | 1.42µs | 2.5x |
| encodeFunctionData | 2.1µs | 780ns | 580ns | 2.9µs | 2.7x |
| decodeFunctionResult | 1.8µs | 680ns | 510ns | 2.6µs | 2.6x |
| encodePacked | 520ns | 195ns | 145ns | 1.32µs | 2.7x |
ABI Error Standards (ERC-6093)
| Operation | Voltaire TS | WASM | Native | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| getSelector | 85ns | 38ns | 28ns | 885ns |
| getSignature | 145ns | 58ns | 44ns | 945ns |
| encodeParams | 580ns | 215ns | 162ns | 1.38µs |
| decode | 1.2µs | 420ns | 315ns | 2.0µs |
Running Benchmarks
# Individual benchmarks
bun src/crypto/keccak256.bench.ts
bun src/primitives/Address/Address.bench.ts
bun src/primitives/Transaction/Transaction.bench.ts
# All benchmarks
pnpm bench
See Also
- Comparisons - API comparison with Viem and Ethers
- WASM Guide - Using WASM acceleration
- Branded Types - Zero-overhead type safety
- voltaire-effect - Effect.ts integration