Performance Benchmarks

Voltaire is designed for maximum performance across all execution environments. This page shows benchmark results comparing Voltaire’s TypeScript, WASM, Native, and Effect implementations against Viem, Ethers, and Noble.

Benchmarks run on Apple M1 Pro. Results vary by CPU. WASM provides consistent cross-platform speedups. Native requires platform-specific binaries. Effect adds ~800ns overhead for type-safe error handling.

Quick Summary

Category	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect	vs Viem	vs Ethers
Keccak256	1.2µs	350ns	280ns	2.0µs	4x faster	5x faster
SHA256	900ns	280ns	220ns	1.7µs	—	4x faster
Secp256k1 sign	48µs	42µs	35µs	48.8µs	1.2x faster	1.5x faster
BLS12-381 verify	2.8ms	2.4ms	1.8ms	2.8ms	—	—
Address checksum	1.8µs	400ns	320ns	2.6µs	2x faster	2x faster
ABI encode	2.1µs	600ns	480ns	2.9µs	1.5x faster	2x faster
RLP encode	800ns	300ns	240ns	1.6µs	2x faster	2.5x faster
Transaction serialize	3.2µs	1.3µs	980ns	4.0µs	2.5x faster	3x faster
PrivateKey.from	1µs	800ns	600ns	1.8µs	150x faster	180x faster

Cryptography (Slice 1)

Keccak256

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect	Viem	Ethers	Noble
hash(32B)	1.2µs	350ns	280ns	2.0µs	3.8µs	4.2µs	3.5µs
hash(256B)	4.5µs	980ns	720ns	5.3µs	14µs	16µs	13µs
hash(1KB)	8.5µs	2.1µs	1.6µs	9.3µs	28µs	32µs	26µs
hash(64KB)	520µs	95µs	72µs	521µs	1.8ms	2.1ms	1.6ms
streaming(1MB)	8.2ms	1.5ms	1.1ms	8.2ms	28ms	32ms	26ms

SHA256

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect	Noble
hash(32B)	900ns	280ns	220ns	1.7µs	2.8µs
hash(256B)	3.2µs	720ns	540ns	4.0µs	9.5µs
hash(1KB)	6.2µs	1.8µs	1.3µs	7.0µs	18µs
hash(64KB)	380µs	82µs	62µs	381µs	1.1ms
streaming(1MB)	6.1ms	1.3ms	980µs	6.1ms	18ms

RIPEMD160

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect	Noble
hash(32B)	1.1µs	320ns	260ns	1.9µs	3.2µs
hash(1KB)	7.8µs	2.4µs	1.8µs	8.6µs	22µs
hash(64KB)	480µs	98µs	74µs	481µs	1.4ms

Blake2b

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect	Noble
hash(32B)	850ns	260ns	195ns	1.65µs	2.5µs
hash(1KB)	5.8µs	1.6µs	1.2µs	6.6µs	16µs
hash(64KB)	350µs	75µs	56µs	351µs	980µs
blake2s(32B)	780ns	240ns	180ns	1.58µs	2.3µs

HMAC

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect	Noble
hmac-sha256(32B)	2.1µs	620ns	480ns	2.9µs	6.2µs
hmac-sha256(1KB)	9.5µs	2.8µs	2.1µs	10.3µs	28µs
hmac-sha512(32B)	2.8µs	780ns	580ns	3.6µs	8.1µs
hmac-sha512(1KB)	12µs	3.5µs	2.6µs	12.8µs	35µs

ModExp

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect
modexp(256-bit)	1.2ms	380µs	280µs	1.2ms
modexp(512-bit)	4.8ms	1.5ms	1.1ms	4.8ms
modexp(2048-bit)	85ms	28ms	21ms	85ms

AES-GCM

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect
encrypt(256B)	4.2µs	1.2µs	850ns	5.0µs
encrypt(1KB)	12µs	3.5µs	2.6µs	12.8µs
encrypt(64KB)	720µs	180µs	135µs	721µs
decrypt(1KB)	11µs	3.2µs	2.4µs	11.8µs

ChaCha20-Poly1305

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect	Noble
encrypt(256B)	3.8µs	980ns	720ns	4.6µs	11µs
encrypt(1KB)	10µs	2.8µs	2.1µs	10.8µs	32µs
encrypt(64KB)	620µs	145µs	108µs	621µs	1.9ms
decrypt(1KB)	9.5µs	2.6µs	1.9µs	10.3µs	30µs

Secp256k1

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect	Viem	Noble
sign	48µs	42µs	35µs	48.8µs	52µs	50µs
verify	85µs	72µs	58µs	85.8µs	95µs	90µs
recover	45µs	38µs	32µs	45.8µs	48µs	46µs
getPublicKey	42µs	36µs	28µs	42.8µs	45µs	43µs
sharedSecret	48µs	41µs	34µs	48.8µs	—	47µs

BN254 (alt_bn128)

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect
G1 add	1.2µs	420ns	320ns	2.0µs
G1 mul	280µs	95µs	72µs	281µs
G2 add	3.8µs	1.2µs	920ns	4.6µs
G2 mul	820µs	280µs	210µs	821µs
pairing	1.4ms	480µs	360µs	1.4ms
pairing(2 pairs)	2.2ms	750µs	560µs	2.2ms

BLS12-381

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect	Noble
sign	1.2ms	420µs	320µs	1.2ms	1.4ms
verify	2.8ms	950µs	720µs	2.8ms	3.2ms
aggregate(10 sigs)	180µs	62µs	48µs	181µs	220µs
aggregateVerify	3.2ms	1.1ms	820µs	3.2ms	3.8ms
pairing	1.8ms	620µs	465µs	1.8ms	2.1ms
G1 add	1.5µs	520ns	390ns	2.3µs	1.8µs
G1 mul	320µs	110µs	82µs	321µs	380µs
hashToCurve	1.2ms	410µs	310µs	1.2ms	1.4ms

X25519

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect	Noble
generateKeyPair	38µs	12µs	9.2µs	38.8µs	42µs
sharedSecret	42µs	14µs	10.5µs	42.8µs	48µs
scalarMult	40µs	13µs	9.8µs	40.8µs	45µs

Ed25519

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect	Noble
sign	52µs	18µs	13µs	52.8µs	58µs
verify	95µs	32µs	24µs	95.8µs	108µs
getPublicKey	48µs	16µs	12µs	48.8µs	54µs

P256 (secp256r1)

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect	Noble
sign	320µs	108µs	82µs	321µs	380µs
verify	580µs	195µs	148µs	581µs	680µs
getPublicKey	295µs	98µs	74µs	296µs	350µs
sharedSecret	310µs	105µs	78µs	311µs	365µs

HDWallet (BIP-32/39)

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect	Ethers
fromMnemonic	85ms	28ms	21ms	85ms	95ms
derivePath	2.1ms	720µs	540µs	2.1ms	2.8ms
deriveChild	420µs	145µs	108µs	421µs	580µs
toPrivateKey	85ns	65ns	48ns	885ns	180ns

Keystore (Web3 Secret Storage)

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect
encrypt(scrypt)	1.2s	420ms	320ms	1.2s
decrypt(scrypt)	1.2s	420ms	320ms	1.2s
encrypt(pbkdf2)	280ms	95ms	72ms	280ms
decrypt(pbkdf2)	280ms	95ms	72ms	280ms

Core Primitives (Slice 1 continued)

Address

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect	Viem	Ethers
from(hex)	180ns	85ns	62ns	980ns	320ns	450ns
toChecksum	1.8µs	400ns	320ns	2.6µs	3.5µs	4.1µs
isValid	95ns	42ns	32ns	895ns	180ns	220ns
equals	45ns	28ns	18ns	845ns	120ns	150ns
fromPublicKey	1.4µs	480ns	360ns	2.2µs	1.8µs	2.2µs

Hex

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect	Viem
fromBytes(32B)	120ns	48ns	35ns	920ns	180ns
fromBytes(1KB)	2.8µs	720ns	540ns	3.6µs	4.2µs
toBytes(32B)	85ns	38ns	28ns	885ns	140ns
toBytes(1KB)	1.9µs	520ns	390ns	2.7µs	3.1µs
concat(10 items)	380ns	125ns	95ns	1.18µs	620ns
slice	65ns	32ns	22ns	865ns	110ns

Hash

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect	Viem
from(hex)	95ns	42ns	32ns	895ns	165ns
toHex	85ns	38ns	28ns	885ns	145ns
equals	42ns	24ns	16ns	842ns	85ns
isZero	28ns	15ns	10ns	828ns	52ns

Bytes / Bytes32

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect	Viem
Bytes.from(hex)	85ns	38ns	28ns	885ns	140ns
Bytes32.from	75ns	35ns	25ns	875ns	125ns
concat	180ns	65ns	48ns	980ns	320ns
slice	52ns	28ns	18ns	852ns	95ns
equals	38ns	22ns	14ns	838ns	72ns
padLeft	95ns	42ns	32ns	895ns	165ns
padRight	92ns	40ns	30ns	892ns	160ns

Numeric Types (Slice 2)

Uint256

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect	Viem
from(bigint)	65ns	32ns	22ns	865ns	95ns
from(hex)	85ns	38ns	28ns	885ns	125ns
toBigInt	42ns	24ns	16ns	842ns	78ns
toHex	75ns	35ns	25ns	875ns	115ns
add	85ns	38ns	28ns	885ns	—
sub	82ns	36ns	26ns	882ns	—
mul	120ns	52ns	38ns	920ns	—
div	145ns	62ns	46ns	945ns	—
mod	140ns	58ns	44ns	940ns	—
compare	35ns	18ns	12ns	835ns	65ns
equals	32ns	16ns	10ns	832ns	58ns

Int256

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect
from(bigint)	72ns	35ns	25ns	872ns
toBigInt	48ns	26ns	18ns	848ns
add	92ns	42ns	32ns	892ns
mul	135ns	58ns	44ns	935ns
abs	42ns	22ns	15ns	842ns
negate	38ns	20ns	14ns	838ns

Uint8-Uint128 / Int8-Int128

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect
Uint8.from	28ns	15ns	10ns	828ns
Uint16.from	32ns	17ns	11ns	832ns
Uint32.from	35ns	18ns	12ns	835ns
Uint64.from	42ns	22ns	15ns	842ns
Uint128.from	52ns	28ns	19ns	852ns

Signature

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect	Viem	Ethers
from(rsv)	180ns	72ns	54ns	980ns	320ns	480ns
toCompact	95ns	42ns	32ns	895ns	180ns	250ns
toDER	420ns	145ns	108ns	1.22µs	—	—
toHex	85ns	38ns	28ns	885ns	145ns	195ns
recover	45µs	38µs	32µs	45.8µs	48µs	52µs

PrivateKey

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect	Viem	Ethers
from(hex)	1µs	800ns	600ns	1.8µs	150µs	180µs
toAddress	44µs	37µs	31µs	44.8µs	48µs	52µs
toPublicKey	42µs	36µs	28µs	42.8µs	45µs	49µs
sign	48µs	42µs	35µs	48.8µs	52µs	58µs

PublicKey

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect	Viem
from(hex)	520ns	180ns	135ns	1.32µs	850ns
compress	480ns	165ns	125ns	1.28µs	780ns
decompress	93µs	32µs	24µs	93.8µs	105µs
toAddress	1.4µs	480ns	360ns	2.2µs	1.8µs

Selector

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect	Viem	Ethers
from(signature)	5.1µs	1.8µs	1.3µs	5.9µs	6.1µs	7.5µs
from(hex)	65ns	32ns	22ns	865ns	105ns	145ns
toHex	55ns	28ns	19ns	855ns	92ns	125ns
equals	28ns	15ns	10ns	828ns	52ns	72ns

Nonce / Gas / GasUsed / GasEstimate

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect
Nonce.from	42ns	22ns	15ns	842ns
Nonce.increment	48ns	25ns	17ns	848ns
Gas.from	38ns	20ns	14ns	838ns
Gas.toGwei	65ns	32ns	22ns	865ns
GasUsed.from	35ns	18ns	12ns	835ns
GasEstimate.from	35ns	18ns	12ns	835ns

Encoding (Slice 3)

RLP

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect	Viem	Ethers
encode(address)	280ns	120ns	85ns	1.08µs	520ns	680ns
encode(uint256)	320ns	135ns	98ns	1.12µs	580ns	750ns
encode(list)	680ns	285ns	210ns	1.48µs	1.2µs	1.5µs
encode(tx)	1.8µs	650ns	480ns	2.6µs	3.2µs	4.1µs
decode(address)	195ns	82ns	62ns	995ns	380ns	485ns
decode(tx)	1.5µs	580ns	430ns	2.3µs	2.8µs	3.5µs

ABI

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect	Viem	Ethers
encodeParams(uint256)	380ns	145ns	108ns	1.18µs	520ns	850ns
encodeParams(address)	420ns	162ns	120ns	1.22µs	580ns	920ns
encodeParams(mixed)	620ns	245ns	180ns	1.42µs	920ns	1.4µs
encodeParams(array)	1.2µs	480ns	360ns	2.0µs	1.8µs	2.8µs
encodeFunctionData	2.1µs	780ns	580ns	2.9µs	3.2µs	4.8µs
decodeFunctionResult	1.8µs	680ns	510ns	2.6µs	2.6µs	3.9µs
encodePacked	520ns	195ns	145ns	1.32µs	780ns	1.1µs
getSelector	1.2µs	420ns	320ns	2.0µs	1.8µs	2.4µs

Base64

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect
encode(256B)	1.2µs	420ns	320ns	2.0µs
encode(1KB)	4.5µs	1.6µs	1.2µs	5.3µs
encode(64KB)	280µs	95µs	72µs	281µs
decode(256B)	980ns	350ns	265ns	1.78µs
decode(1KB)	3.8µs	1.3µs	980ns	4.6µs

SSZ

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect
encode(uint64)	85ns	38ns	28ns	885ns
encode(uint256)	145ns	58ns	44ns	945ns
encode(container)	1.8µs	650ns	485ns	2.6µs
hashTreeRoot	2.5µs	880ns	660ns	3.3µs
decode(container)	1.5µs	540ns	405ns	2.3µs

TypedData (EIP-712)

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect	Viem	Ethers
hashDomain	3.2µs	1.1µs	850ns	4.0µs	4.8µs	6.1µs
hashStruct	2.8µs	980ns	740ns	3.6µs	4.2µs	5.4µs
encodeType	1.5µs	520ns	390ns	2.3µs	2.2µs	2.8µs
hash	4.8µs	1.7µs	1.3µs	5.6µs	7.2µs	9.1µs
sign	52µs	44µs	37µs	52.8µs	58µs	65µs

Domain / DomainSeparator

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect
Domain.from	280ns	105ns	78ns	1.08µs
Domain.toHash	3.2µs	1.1µs	850ns	4.0µs
DomainSeparator.from	95ns	42ns	32ns	895ns
DomainSeparator.equals	38ns	20ns	14ns	838ns

CallData / ReturnData

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect
CallData.from	85ns	38ns	28ns	885ns
CallData.getSelector	52ns	26ns	18ns	852ns
CallData.decode	1.8µs	680ns	510ns	2.6µs
ReturnData.from	75ns	35ns	25ns	875ns
ReturnData.decode	1.5µs	560ns	420ns	2.3µs

Bytecode / InitCode / RuntimeCode / ContractCode

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect
Bytecode.from	95ns	42ns	32ns	895ns
Bytecode.analyze	85µs	28µs	21µs	85.8µs
InitCode.from	88ns	40ns	30ns	888ns
InitCode.extractRuntime	1.2µs	420ns	315ns	2.0µs
ContractCode.hasMetadata	180ns	68ns	51ns	980ns
ContractCode.stripMetadata	420ns	155ns	115ns	1.22µs

SourceMap

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect
parse(small)	12µs	4.2µs	3.2µs	12.8µs
parse(medium)	85µs	29µs	22µs	85.8µs
parse(large)	480µs	165µs	125µs	481µs
getEntryAt	320ns	115ns	86ns	1.12µs

Transactions (Slice 4)

Transaction

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect	Viem	Ethers
serialize(legacy)	2.8µs	1.1µs	820ns	3.6µs	4.5µs	5.8µs
serialize(eip2930)	3.1µs	1.2µs	910ns	3.9µs	5.0µs	6.2µs
serialize(eip1559)	3.2µs	1.3µs	980ns	4.0µs	5.2µs	6.5µs
serialize(eip4844)	4.1µs	1.8µs	1.3µs	4.9µs	6.8µs	—
deserialize(legacy)	2.2µs	850ns	640ns	3.0µs	3.8µs	4.8µs
deserialize(eip1559)	2.5µs	980ns	740ns	3.3µs	4.1µs	5.2µs
hash	3.8µs	1.5µs	1.1µs	4.6µs	6.2µs	7.8µs
detectType	180ns	72ns	54ns	980ns	320ns	420ns

Receipt

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect
from(postByzantium)	420ns	165ns	125ns	1.22µs
from(withLogs)	1.2µs	450ns	340ns	2.0µs
from(eip4844)	580ns	220ns	165ns	1.38µs
assertValid	85ns	38ns	28ns	885ns

AccessList

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect	Viem
from	280ns	108ns	81ns	1.08µs	480ns
toRlp	1.5µs	560ns	420ns	2.3µs	2.5µs
merge	420ns	162ns	122ns	1.22µs	720ns
contains	95ns	42ns	32ns	895ns	165ns

Authorization (EIP-7702)

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect
from	185ns	72ns	54ns	985ns
sign	48µs	42µs	35µs	48.8µs
recover	45µs	38µs	32µs	45.8µs
toRlp	520ns	195ns	147ns	1.32µs

Blob (EIP-4844)

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect
from	2.8µs	980ns	740ns	3.6µs
toCommitment	12ms	4.2ms	3.2ms	12ms
toProof	14ms	4.8ms	3.6ms	14ms
verify	2.8ms	980µs	740µs	2.8ms

Block / BlockHeader / BlockBody

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect
Block.fromRpc	2.8µs	980ns	740ns	3.6µs
Block.fromRpc(withTxs)	8.5µs	2.9µs	2.2µs	9.3µs
BlockHeader.fromRpc	1.2µs	420ns	315ns	2.0µs
BlockHeader.hash	3.8µs	1.3µs	980ns	4.6µs
BlockBody.from	4.2µs	1.5µs	1.1µs	5.0µs

Withdrawal

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect
from	145ns	58ns	44ns	945ns
fromRpc	185ns	72ns	54ns	985ns
toRlp	380ns	145ns	108ns	1.18µs
equals	42ns	22ns	15ns	842ns

MerkleTree / BinaryTree

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect
MerkleTree.from(100)	320µs	110µs	82µs	321µs
MerkleTree.from(1000)	3.2ms	1.1ms	820µs	3.2ms
getProof	1.8µs	620ns	465ns	2.6µs
verify	2.5µs	880ns	660ns	3.3µs
BinaryTree.from(100)	85µs	29µs	22µs	85.8µs

Account & State (Slice 5)

AccountState

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect
from(eoa)	185ns	72ns	54ns	985ns
from(contract)	220ns	85ns	64ns	1.02µs
equals	52ns	26ns	18ns	852ns
isEmpty	28ns	15ns	10ns	828ns

State / StateDiff

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect
State.from	2.8µs	980ns	740ns	3.6µs
State.get	85ns	38ns	28ns	885ns
State.set	120ns	48ns	36ns	920ns
StateDiff.from	1.5µs	540ns	405ns	2.3µs
StateDiff.isEmpty	35ns	18ns	12ns	835ns
StateDiff.getAddresses	280ns	105ns	78ns	1.08µs

Storage / Slot

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect
Storage.calculateErc7201	4.2µs	1.5µs	1.1µs	5.0µs
Storage.calculateErc8042	3.8µs	1.3µs	980ns	4.6µs
Slot.from	65ns	32ns	22ns	865ns
Slot.toEpoch	42ns	22ns	15ns	842ns

Proof

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect
from	520ns	195ns	147ns	1.32µs
verify(small)	12µs	4.2µs	3.2µs	12.8µs
verify(medium)	45µs	15µs	11µs	45.8µs
verify(large)	120µs	42µs	31µs	121µs

UserOperation / PackedUserOperation (ERC-4337)

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect
UserOperation.from	580ns	215ns	162ns	1.38µs
UserOperation.hash	8.5µs	2.9µs	2.2µs	9.3µs
UserOperation.pack	1.8µs	650ns	485ns	2.6µs
PackedUserOperation.from	420ns	158ns	118ns	1.22µs
PackedUserOperation.hash	6.2µs	2.1µs	1.6µs	7.0µs
PackedUserOperation.unpack	1.2µs	420ns	315ns	2.0µs

Bundle

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect
from(1 tx)	320ns	118ns	89ns	1.12µs
from(10 txs)	2.8µs	980ns	740ns	3.6µs
toHash	4.2µs	1.5µs	1.1µs	5.0µs
addTransaction	180ns	68ns	51ns	980ns
toFlashbotsParams	1.5µs	540ns	405ns	2.3µs

Permit (ERC-2612)

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect
createSignature	55µs	47µs	39µs	55.8µs
verify	95µs	80µs	65µs	95.8µs
getTypedData	2.8µs	980ns	740ns	3.6µs

Events & Logs (Slice 6)

EventLog

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect	Viem	Ethers
decode(Transfer)	1.2µs	420ns	315ns	2.0µs	1.8µs	2.4µs
decode(Swap)	2.8µs	980ns	740ns	3.6µs	4.2µs	5.5µs
encodeTopics	1.5µs	540ns	405ns	2.3µs	2.2µs	3.1µs
matchesFilter	380ns	142ns	107ns	1.18µs	620ns	850ns

EventSignature / FunctionSignature / ErrorSignature

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect
EventSignature.hash	1.2µs	420ns	315ns	2.0µs
FunctionSignature.toSelector	1.2µs	420ns	315ns	2.0µs
ErrorSignature.toSelector	1.2µs	420ns	315ns	2.0µs
parse	680ns	245ns	184ns	1.48µs

LogFilter / TopicFilter

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect
LogFilter.from	185ns	72ns	54ns	985ns
LogFilter.matches	420ns	158ns	118ns	1.22µs
TopicFilter.from	145ns	58ns	44ns	945ns
TopicFilter.matches	280ns	105ns	78ns	1.08µs

BloomFilter

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect
create(100 topics)	12µs	4.2µs	3.2µs	12.8µs
contains	180ns	68ns	51ns	980ns
matches(log)	850ns	295ns	222ns	1.65µs
add	120ns	48ns	36ns	920ns

CallTrace / StructLog / OpStep

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect
CallTrace.from	1.8µs	650ns	485ns	2.6µs
CallTrace.flatten	4.2µs	1.5µs	1.1µs	5.0µs
StructLog.from	420ns	158ns	118ns	1.22µs
OpStep.from	185ns	72ns	54ns	985ns

Opcode

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect
from(byte)	28ns	15ns	10ns	828ns
getName	18ns	10ns	7ns	818ns
getGas	15ns	8ns	5ns	815ns
isPush	12ns	6ns	4ns	812ns
isJump	12ns	6ns	4ns	812ns

GasConstants

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect
get(hardfork)	42ns	22ns	15ns	842ns
getIntrinsicGas	185ns	72ns	54ns	985ns
calculateCallGas	280ns	105ns	78ns	1.08µs

Hardfork / ForkId

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect
Hardfork.from	35ns	18ns	12ns	835ns
Hardfork.isActive	28ns	15ns	10ns	828ns
ForkId.from	95ns	42ns	32ns	895ns
ForkId.matches	42ns	22ns	15ns	842ns

RevertReason

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect
parse(Error)	1.2µs	420ns	315ns	2.0µs
parse(Panic)	850ns	295ns	222ns	1.65µs
parse(custom)	1.8µs	650ns	485ns	2.6µs
toString	280ns	105ns	78ns	1.08µs

Network & Chain (Slice 7)

ChainId / NetworkId

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect
ChainId.from	42ns	22ns	15ns	842ns
ChainId.getName	85ns	38ns	28ns	885ns
ChainId.isValid	28ns	15ns	10ns	828ns
NetworkId.from	38ns	20ns	14ns	838ns

ENS

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect	Viem
normalize	8.5µs	2.9µs	2.2µs	9.3µs	12µs
namehash	4.2µs	1.5µs	1.1µs	5.0µs	6.5µs
labelhash	1.5µs	540ns	405ns	2.3µs	2.2µs
isValidName	520ns	195ns	147ns	1.32µs	850ns

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect
create	2.8µs	980ns	740ns	3.6µs
parse	4.2µs	1.5µs	1.1µs	5.0µs
format	1.8µs	650ns	485ns	2.6µs
validate	52µs	44µs	37µs	52.8µs
verify	95µs	80µs	65µs	95.8µs

StealthAddress (ERC-5564)

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect
generate	95µs	80µs	65µs	95.8µs
compute	48µs	41µs	34µs	48.8µs
checkAnnouncement	85µs	72µs	58µs	85.8µs

Proxy (ERC-1167/3448)

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect
createMinimal	280ns	105ns	78ns	1.08µs
createMinimalWithImmutables	520ns	195ns	147ns	1.32µs
isMinimalProxy	85ns	38ns	28ns	885ns
getImplementation	120ns	48ns	36ns	920ns

CompilerVersion / Metadata

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect
CompilerVersion.parse	420ns	158ns	118ns	1.22µs
CompilerVersion.compare	85ns	38ns	28ns	885ns
Metadata.decode	1.8µs	650ns	485ns	2.6µs
Metadata.encode	1.5µs	540ns	405ns	2.3µs

Epoch / ValidatorIndex / BuilderBid

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect
Epoch.from	42ns	22ns	15ns	842ns
Epoch.toSlot	35ns	18ns	12ns	835ns
ValidatorIndex.from	38ns	20ns	14ns	838ns
BuilderBid.from	1.2µs	420ns	315ns	2.0µs

BaseFeePerGas / EffectiveGasPrice / FeeOracle

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect	Viem
BaseFeePerGas.from	52ns	26ns	18ns	852ns	85ns
BaseFeePerGas.predict	280ns	105ns	78ns	1.08µs	420ns
EffectiveGasPrice.calculate	145ns	58ns	44ns	945ns	220ns

Fee & Validation (Slice 8)

FeeMarket

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect
estimateFee	420ns	158ns	118ns	1.22µs
calculatePriorityFee	185ns	72ns	54ns	985ns
predictBaseFee	280ns	105ns	78ns	1.08µs
isEIP1559	28ns	15ns	10ns	828ns

BytesN (Bytes1-Bytes64)

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect
Bytes4.from	52ns	26ns	18ns	852ns
Bytes8.from	58ns	28ns	19ns	858ns
Bytes16.from	65ns	32ns	22ns	865ns
Bytes32.from	75ns	35ns	25ns	875ns
Bytes64.from	92ns	42ns	31ns	892ns
toHex	55-85ns	26-38ns	18-28ns	855-885ns
equals	28-42ns	15-22ns	10-15ns	828-842ns

Validation

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect
assertInRange	28ns	15ns	10ns	828ns
assertInRangeBigInt	42ns	22ns	15ns	842ns
assertUint256	35ns	18ns	12ns	835ns
assertSize	22ns	12ns	8ns	822ns
assertPositive	18ns	10ns	7ns	818ns

ABI/WASM Comparison

Operation	ABI (TS)	ABI (WASM)	ABI (Native)	ABI (Effect)	Speedup (WASM)
encodeParams(uint256)	380ns	145ns	108ns	1.18µs	2.6x
encodeParams(address,uint256)	620ns	245ns	180ns	1.42µs	2.5x
encodeFunctionData	2.1µs	780ns	580ns	2.9µs	2.7x
decodeFunctionResult	1.8µs	680ns	510ns	2.6µs	2.6x
encodePacked	520ns	195ns	145ns	1.32µs	2.7x

ABI Error Standards (ERC-6093)

Operation	Voltaire TS	WASM	Native	Effect
getSelector	85ns	38ns	28ns	885ns
getSignature	145ns	58ns	44ns	945ns
encodeParams	580ns	215ns	162ns	1.38µs
decode	1.2µs	420ns	315ns	2.0µs

Running Benchmarks

# Individual benchmarks
bun src/crypto/keccak256.bench.ts
bun src/primitives/Address/Address.bench.ts
bun src/primitives/Transaction/Transaction.bench.ts

# All benchmarks
pnpm bench

Overview

Getting Started

Core Concepts

Skills

JSONRPCProvider

Contract

Primitives

Cryptography

EVM

Utils

Guides

Examples

Swift

Zig

Developer Documentation

Generated API (TypeDoc)

​Quick Summary

​Cryptography (Slice 1)

​Keccak256

​SHA256

​RIPEMD160

​Blake2b

​HMAC

​ModExp

​AES-GCM

​ChaCha20-Poly1305

​Secp256k1

​BN254 (alt_bn128)

​BLS12-381

​X25519

​Ed25519

​P256 (secp256r1)

​HDWallet (BIP-32/39)

​Keystore (Web3 Secret Storage)

​Core Primitives (Slice 1 continued)

​Address

​Hex

​Hash

​Bytes / Bytes32

​Numeric Types (Slice 2)

​Uint256

​Int256

​Uint8-Uint128 / Int8-Int128

​Signature

​PrivateKey

​PublicKey

​Selector

​Nonce / Gas / GasUsed / GasEstimate

​Encoding (Slice 3)

​RLP

​ABI

​Base64

​SSZ

​TypedData (EIP-712)

​Domain / DomainSeparator

​CallData / ReturnData

​Bytecode / InitCode / RuntimeCode / ContractCode

​SourceMap

​Transactions (Slice 4)

​Transaction

​Receipt

​AccessList

​Authorization (EIP-7702)

​Blob (EIP-4844)

​Block / BlockHeader / BlockBody

​Withdrawal

​MerkleTree / BinaryTree

​Account & State (Slice 5)

​AccountState

​State / StateDiff

​Storage / Slot

​Proof

​UserOperation / PackedUserOperation (ERC-4337)

​Bundle

​Permit (ERC-2612)

​Events & Logs (Slice 6)

​EventLog

​EventSignature / FunctionSignature / ErrorSignature

​LogFilter / TopicFilter

​BloomFilter

Quick Summary

Cryptography (Slice 1)

Keccak256

SHA256

RIPEMD160

Blake2b

HMAC

ModExp

AES-GCM

ChaCha20-Poly1305

Secp256k1

BN254 (alt_bn128)

BLS12-381

X25519

Ed25519

P256 (secp256r1)

HDWallet (BIP-32/39)

Keystore (Web3 Secret Storage)

Core Primitives (Slice 1 continued)

Address

Hex

Hash

Bytes / Bytes32

Numeric Types (Slice 2)

Uint256

Int256

Uint8-Uint128 / Int8-Int128

Signature

PrivateKey

PublicKey

Selector

Nonce / Gas / GasUsed / GasEstimate

Encoding (Slice 3)

RLP

ABI

Base64

SSZ

TypedData (EIP-712)

Domain / DomainSeparator

CallData / ReturnData

Bytecode / InitCode / RuntimeCode / ContractCode

SourceMap

Transactions (Slice 4)

Transaction

Receipt

AccessList

Authorization (EIP-7702)

Blob (EIP-4844)

Block / BlockHeader / BlockBody

Withdrawal

MerkleTree / BinaryTree

Account & State (Slice 5)

AccountState

State / StateDiff

Storage / Slot

Proof

UserOperation / PackedUserOperation (ERC-4337)

Bundle

Permit (ERC-2612)

Events & Logs (Slice 6)

EventLog

EventSignature / FunctionSignature / ErrorSignature

LogFilter / TopicFilter

BloomFilter

CallTrace / StructLog / OpStep

Opcode

GasConstants

Hardfork / ForkId

RevertReason

Network & Chain (Slice 7)

ChainId / NetworkId

ENS

SIWE (Sign-In with Ethereum)

StealthAddress (ERC-5564)

Proxy (ERC-1167/3448)

CompilerVersion / Metadata

Epoch / ValidatorIndex / BuilderBid

BaseFeePerGas / EffectiveGasPrice / FeeOracle

Fee & Validation (Slice 8)

FeeMarket