Cross-Language Consistency

Voltaire primitives are designed to be identical across TypeScript, Zig, Swift, and Rust. The APIs match as closely as possible while respecting each language’s idioms.

Data-First Design

Every primitive is represented using the simplest possible data structure in each language:

Language	Address Representation
TypeScript	`Uint8Array` (branded)
Zig	`[20]u8`
Swift	`Data` (20 bytes)
Rust	`[u8; 20]`

No wrapper classes. No hidden state. Just bytes.

Functions Operate on Data

Methods take the data as the first parameter, similar to Go or Zig:

TypeScript
Zig
Swift

import { Address } from '@tevm/voltaire'

const addr = Address('0x742d35Cc6634C0532925a3b844Bc9e7595f51e3e')
Address.toHex(addr)
Address.isZero(addr)
Address.equals(addr, other)

const Address = @import("voltaire").Address;

const addr = Address.fromHex("0x742d35Cc6634C0532925a3b844Bc9e7595f51e3e");
Address.toHex(addr);
Address.isZero(addr);
Address.equals(addr, other);

import Voltaire

let addr = Address("0x742d35Cc6634C0532925a3b844Bc9e7595f51e3e")
Address.toHex(addr)
Address.isZero(addr)
Address.equals(addr, other)

Why This Matters

Portable knowledge — Learn the API once, use it everywhere. A toHex in TypeScript works the same as toHex in Zig. LLM-friendly — AI assistants trained on one language can help with another. The patterns transfer directly. Predictable — No surprises when switching languages. Same function names, same parameter order, same behavior.

Language-Specific Conveniences

Each language adds idiomatic conveniences on top of the core API:

TypeScript: Instance methods (addr.toHex()) alongside static methods
Zig: Comptime validation and formatting
Swift: Protocol conformances (Equatable, Hashable, CustomStringConvertible)

These conveniences don’t change the underlying data or core function signatures.

Colocated Source Files

All language implementations live together in the same directory:

src/primitives/Address/
├── Address.zig      # Zig implementation
├── Address.swift    # Swift implementation
├── index.ts         # TypeScript implementation
├── toHex.js         # Shared JS function
├── toHex.zig        # Shared Zig function
└── ...

This makes it easy for both humans and LLMs to keep implementations in sync and see all versions of a function side-by-side.

Learn More

Branded Types

Type safety in TypeScript

Tree-Shakeable API

Functional imports for minimal bundles

Error Handling Skills

Overview

Getting Started

Core Concepts

Skills

JSONRPCProvider

Contract

Primitives

Cryptography

EVM

Utils

Guides

Examples

Swift

Zig

Developer Documentation

Generated API (TypeDoc)

Cross-Language Consistency

Data-First Design

Functions Operate on Data

Why This Matters

Language-Specific Conveniences

Colocated Source Files

Learn More

Branded Types

Tree-Shakeable API

​Data-First Design

​Functions Operate on Data

​Why This Matters

​Language-Specific Conveniences

​Colocated Source Files

​Learn More

Branded Types

Tree-Shakeable API

Data-First Design

Functions Operate on Data

Why This Matters

Language-Specific Conveniences

Colocated Source Files

Learn More