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Skill — Copyable reference implementation. Use as-is or customize. See Skills Philosophy.

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Gas Estimation and EIP-1559 Fees

This guide covers estimating gas for transactions and setting appropriate EIP-1559 fees using Voltaire’s provider and FeeMarket primitives.

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EIP-1559 Fee Model

EIP-1559 replaced legacy gas price auctions with a predictable fee structure:
ParameterDescription
baseFeeMinimum fee per gas, set by the protocol based on block utilization
maxPriorityFeePerGasTip to validators for faster inclusion
maxFeePerGasMaximum total fee per gas you’re willing to pay
The actual fee paid is: min(maxFeePerGas, baseFee + maxPriorityFeePerGas).

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Getting Current Gas Prices

Fetch current network fee data using provider methods: 
import { HttpProvider } from '@voltaire/provider';

const provider = HttpProvider({ url: 'https://eth.llamarpc.com' });

// Get legacy gas price (works for all transaction types)
const gasPrice = await provider.request({ method: 'eth_gasPrice' });
console.log(`Gas price: ${BigInt(gasPrice)} wei`);

// Get EIP-1559 priority fee suggestion
const priorityFee = await provider.request({ method: 'eth_maxPriorityFeePerGas' });
console.log(`Priority fee: ${BigInt(priorityFee)} wei`);

// Get current base fee from latest block
const block = await provider.request({
  method: 'eth_getBlockByNumber',
  params: ['latest', false]
});
const baseFee = BigInt(block.baseFeePerGas);
console.log(`Base fee: ${baseFee} wei`);

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Estimating Gas for a Transaction

Use eth_estimateGas to simulate transaction execution and get the required gas: 
// Estimate gas for an ETH transfer
const gasEstimate = await provider.request({
  method: 'eth_estimateGas',
  params: [{
    from: '0x742d35Cc6634C0532925a3b844Bc9e7595f5fE15',
    to: '0x8ba1f109551bD432803012645Ac136ddd64DBA72',
    value: '0xde0b6b3a7640000' // 1 ETH
  }]
});
console.log(`Estimated gas: ${BigInt(gasEstimate)}`);
// Standard ETH transfer: 21000 gas

// Estimate gas for a contract call
const contractGas = await provider.request({
  method: 'eth_estimateGas',
  params: [{
    from: '0x742d35Cc6634C0532925a3b844Bc9e7595f5fE15',
    to: '0xA0b86991c6218b36c1d19D4a2e9Eb0cE3606eB48', // USDC
    data: '0xa9059cbb000000000000000000000000...' // transfer() calldata
  }]
});
Add a 20% buffer to gas estimates to account for state changes between estimation and execution: gasLimit = gasEstimate * 120n / 100n

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Using GasEstimate Primitive

Voltaire provides a branded GasEstimate type for type-safe gas handling: 
import * as GasEstimate from '@voltaire/primitives/GasEstimate';

// Create from RPC result
const estimate = GasEstimate.from('0xc350'); // 50000

// Add buffer for safety
const withBuffer = GasEstimate.withBuffer(estimate, 20); // +20%
console.log(GasEstimate.toBigInt(withBuffer)); // 60000n

// Convert to gas limit for transaction
const gasLimit = GasEstimate.toGasLimit(estimate);

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Calculating EIP-1559 Fees

Use the FeeMarket primitive to calculate effective fees: 
import * as FeeMarket from '@voltaire/primitives/FeeMarket';

// Get current network state
const block = await provider.request({
  method: 'eth_getBlockByNumber',
  params: ['latest', false]
});
const baseFee = BigInt(block.baseFeePerGas);

// Calculate fee breakdown
const txFee = FeeMarket.calculateTxFee({
  maxFeePerGas: 50_000_000_000n,        // 50 gwei max
  maxPriorityFeePerGas: 2_000_000_000n, // 2 gwei tip
  baseFee: baseFee
});

console.log(`Effective gas price: ${txFee.effectiveGasPrice}`);
console.log(`Priority fee paid: ${txFee.priorityFee}`);
console.log(`Base fee (burned): ${txFee.baseFee}`);

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Setting Appropriate Fees

Choose fee parameters based on urgency: 
async function getFeeParams(urgency: 'low' | 'standard' | 'high') {
  const [block, priorityFee] = await Promise.all([
    provider.request({ method: 'eth_getBlockByNumber', params: ['latest', false] }),
    provider.request({ method: 'eth_maxPriorityFeePerGas' })
  ]);

  const baseFee = BigInt(block.baseFeePerGas);
  const suggestedPriority = BigInt(priorityFee);

  switch (urgency) {
    case 'low':
      return {
        maxPriorityFeePerGas: suggestedPriority / 2n,
        maxFeePerGas: baseFee + suggestedPriority / 2n
      };
    case 'standard':
      return {
        maxPriorityFeePerGas: suggestedPriority,
        maxFeePerGas: baseFee * 2n + suggestedPriority
      };
    case 'high':
      return {
        maxPriorityFeePerGas: suggestedPriority * 2n,
        maxFeePerGas: baseFee * 3n + suggestedPriority * 2n
      };
  }
}

const fees = await getFeeParams('standard');

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Predicting Future Base Fees

Use FeeMarket.BaseFee to calculate what the next block’s base fee will be: 
import * as FeeMarket from '@voltaire/primitives/FeeMarket';

const block = await provider.request({
  method: 'eth_getBlockByNumber',
  params: ['latest', false]
});

// Calculate next block's base fee
const nextBaseFee = FeeMarket.BaseFee(
  BigInt(block.gasUsed),      // parent gas used
  BigInt(block.gasLimit),     // parent gas limit
  BigInt(block.baseFeePerGas) // parent base fee
);

console.log(`Current base fee: ${BigInt(block.baseFeePerGas)}`);
console.log(`Next base fee: ${nextBaseFee}`);
The base fee adjusts by up to 12.5% per block based on utilization:
  • Block 100% full: base fee increases 12.5%
  • Block 50% full (target): base fee unchanged
  • Block 0% full: base fee decreases 12.5%

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Using Fee History

Get historical fee data to understand network conditions: 
const feeHistory = await provider.request({
  method: 'eth_feeHistory',
  params: [
    '0xa',           // 10 blocks
    'latest',        // up to latest
    [25, 50, 75]     // percentiles for priority fees
  ]
});

console.log('Base fees:', feeHistory.baseFeePerGas.map(BigInt));
console.log('Gas used ratios:', feeHistory.gasUsedRatio);
console.log('Priority fee percentiles:', feeHistory.reward);

// Calculate average base fee
const baseFees = feeHistory.baseFeePerGas.map(BigInt);
const avgBaseFee = baseFees.reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0n) / BigInt(baseFees.length);

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Complete Transaction Cost Estimation

Combine gas estimation with fee calculation: 
async function estimateTransactionCost(tx: {
  from: string;
  to: string;
  data?: string;
  value?: string;
}) {
  // Get gas estimate
  const gasEstimate = await provider.request({
    method: 'eth_estimateGas',
    params: [tx]
  });
  const gasLimit = BigInt(gasEstimate) * 120n / 100n; // 20% buffer

  // Get fee data
  const [block, priorityFee] = await Promise.all([
    provider.request({ method: 'eth_getBlockByNumber', params: ['latest', false] }),
    provider.request({ method: 'eth_maxPriorityFeePerGas' })
  ]);

  const baseFee = BigInt(block.baseFeePerGas);
  const priority = BigInt(priorityFee);

  // Calculate costs
  const minCost = gasLimit * baseFee;
  const expectedCost = gasLimit * (baseFee + priority);
  const maxCost = gasLimit * (baseFee * 2n + priority);

  return {
    gasLimit,
    baseFee,
    priorityFee: priority,
    minCostWei: minCost,
    expectedCostWei: expectedCost,
    maxCostWei: maxCost,
    expectedCostEth: Number(expectedCost) / 1e18
  };
}

const cost = await estimateTransactionCost({
  from: '0x742d35Cc6634C0532925a3b844Bc9e7595f5fE15',
  to: '0x8ba1f109551bD432803012645Ac136ddd64DBA72',
  value: '0xde0b6b3a7640000'
});

console.log(`Gas limit: ${cost.gasLimit}`);
console.log(`Expected cost: ${cost.expectedCostEth.toFixed(6)} ETH`);

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Blob Fees (EIP-4844)

For blob transactions, there’s a separate fee market: 
// Get current blob base fee
const blobBaseFee = await provider.request({ method: 'eth_blobBaseFee' });
console.log(`Blob base fee: ${BigInt(blobBaseFee)} wei per blob gas`);

// Calculate blob fee for 3 blobs
const BLOB_GAS_PER_BLOB = 131072n;
const blobCount = 3n;
const blobCost = BigInt(blobBaseFee) * BLOB_GAS_PER_BLOB * blobCount;
eth_blobBaseFee is only available on networks with EIP-4844 (post-Cancun upgrade). It will error on older networks.

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Contract Gas Estimation

For contract interactions, use the Contract module’s built-in estimation: 
import { Contract } from '@voltaire/contract';

const usdc = Contract({
  address: '0xA0b86991c6218b36c1d19D4a2e9Eb0cE3606eB48',
  abi: erc20Abi,
  provider
});

// Estimate gas for transfer
const gas = await usdc.estimateGas.transfer(
  '0x742d35Cc6634C0532925a3b844Bc9e7595f5fE15',
  1000000n
);

// Add buffer and send
const txHash = await usdc.write.transfer(
  '0x742d35Cc6634C0532925a3b844Bc9e7595f5fE15',
  1000000n,
  { gas: gas * 120n / 100n }
);