Seed Derivation

import * as Bip39 from '@tevm/voltaire/Bip39';

const mnemonic = 'abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon about';

// Without passphrase
const seed = await Bip39.mnemonicToSeed(mnemonic);
console.log(seed); // Uint8Array(64)

// With passphrase
const seedWithPass = await Bip39.mnemonicToSeed(mnemonic, 'my secret passphrase');
console.log(seedWithPass); // Uint8Array(64) - different from above

// Synchronous version (blocks execution)
const seed = Bip39.mnemonicToSeedSync(mnemonic);
console.log(seed); // Uint8Array(64)

// With passphrase
const seedWithPass = Bip39.mnemonicToSeedSync(mnemonic, 'passphrase');

Algorithm: PBKDF2
PRF:       HMAC-SHA512
Password:  mnemonic (NFKD normalized)
Salt:      "mnemonic" + passphrase (NFKD normalized)
Iterations: 2048
Output:    64 bytes (512 bits)

// Unicode normalization form KD (Compatibility Decomposition)
const normalized = mnemonic.normalize('NFKD');

const salt = 'mnemonic' + (passphrase || '').normalize('NFKD');

// Pseudocode
seed = PBKDF2(
  password: normalized_mnemonic,
  salt: salt,
  iterations: 2048,
  hash: SHA512,
  keyLength: 64
)

console.log(seed.length); // 64

const mnemonic = Bip39.generateMnemonic(256);

// Decoy wallet (small amount)
const decoySeed = await Bip39.mnemonicToSeed(mnemonic, '');

// Real wallet (main funds)
const realSeed = await Bip39.mnemonicToSeed(mnemonic, 'my real passphrase');

// Different seeds, same mnemonic
console.log(decoySeed.some((byte, i) => byte !== realSeed[i])); // true

// Factor 1: Mnemonic (backed up on paper)
const mnemonic = 'abandon abandon abandon...';

// Factor 2: Passphrase (memorized)
const passphrase = 'never written down';

// Attacker needs both
const seed = await Bip39.mnemonicToSeed(mnemonic, passphrase);

// Even with weak mnemonic, passphrase adds entropy
const weakMnemonic = 'abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon about';
const strongPassphrase = 'correct horse battery staple';

const seed = await Bip39.mnemonicToSeed(weakMnemonic, strongPassphrase);

const mnemonic = 'abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon about';

// No passphrase (empty string is default)
const seed1 = await Bip39.mnemonicToSeed(mnemonic);
const seed2 = await Bip39.mnemonicToSeed(mnemonic, '');

// Both are equivalent
console.log(seed1.every((byte, i) => byte === seed2[i])); // true

// With passphrase produces different seed
const seed3 = await Bip39.mnemonicToSeed(mnemonic, 'passphrase');
console.log(seed1.some((byte, i) => byte !== seed3[i])); // true (different)

// ❌ Forgetting passphrase = permanent loss
const mnemonic = Bip39.generateMnemonic(256);
const passphrase = 'my secret';
const seed = await Bip39.mnemonicToSeed(mnemonic, passphrase);

// Later...cannot recover without exact passphrase
const wrongPassphrase = 'my secre'; // Typo!
const wrongSeed = await Bip39.mnemonicToSeed(mnemonic, wrongPassphrase);
// Completely different wallet - funds unrecoverable

// ❌ Weak
const weak = '1234';

// ✅ Strong
const strong = 'correct horse battery staple ancient wisdom mountain';

// Mnemonic: in fireproof safe
const mnemonic = Bip39.generateMnemonic(256);

// Passphrase: memorized or separate secure location
const passphrase = 'never stored with mnemonic';

// Combine only when needed
const seed = await Bip39.mnemonicToSeed(mnemonic, passphrase);

// é can be represented two ways:
// 1. Single character: U+00E9 (é)
// 2. Combining: e (U+0065) + ́ (U+0301)

const form1 = 'café'; // Composed
const form2 = 'café'; // Decomposed (e + combining accent)

// Without normalization: different seeds
// With NFKD: same seed
const seed1 = await Bip39.mnemonicToSeed('test mnemonic', form1);
const seed2 = await Bip39.mnemonicToSeed('test mnemonic', form2);

console.log(seed1.every((byte, i) => byte === seed2[i])); // true (with NFKD)

// Japanese characters in passphrase
const passphrase = 'パスワード';

// NFKD normalization ensures consistency
const normalized = passphrase.normalize('NFKD');

const seed = await Bip39.mnemonicToSeed(mnemonic, passphrase);
// Internally normalizes to NFKD

console.time('seed derivation');
const seed = await Bip39.mnemonicToSeed(mnemonic);
console.timeEnd('seed derivation');
// Typically: 50-100ms

// Non-blocking, allows UI updates
async function deriveWallet() {
  console.log('Deriving seed...');
  const seed = await Bip39.mnemonicToSeed(mnemonic);
  console.log('Seed derived!');
  return seed;
}

// Blocks execution, may freeze UI
function deriveWalletSync() {
  console.log('Deriving seed...');
  const seed = Bip39.mnemonicToSeedSync(mnemonic);
  // UI frozen for ~100ms
  console.log('Seed derived!');
  return seed;
}

const mnemonic = Bip39.generateMnemonic(256);
const passphrase = 'test';

const seed1 = await Bip39.mnemonicToSeed(mnemonic, passphrase);
const seed2 = await Bip39.mnemonicToSeed(mnemonic, passphrase);

console.log(seed1.every((byte, i) => byte === seed2[i])); // true

const mnemonic = Bip39.generateMnemonic(256);
const seed = await Bip39.mnemonicToSeed(mnemonic);

// ❌ Impossible to recover mnemonic from seed
// PBKDF2 is one-way cryptographic function

const mnemonic = 'abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon about';

// Different passphrases = different seeds
const passphrases = ['', 'a', 'b', 'password', 'another'];

const seeds = await Promise.all(
  passphrases.map(p => Bip39.mnemonicToSeed(mnemonic, p))
);

// All seeds different
for (let i = 0; i < seeds.length; i++) {
  for (let j = i + 1; j < seeds.length; j++) {
    const different = seeds[i].some((byte, k) => byte !== seeds[j][k]);
    console.assert(different, `Seeds ${i} and ${j} should be different`);
  }
}

const testVectors = [
  {
    mnemonic: 'abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon about',
    passphrase: '',
    seed: '5eb00bbddcf069084889a8ab9155568165f5c453ccb85e70811aaed6f6da5fc19a5ac40b389cd370d086206dec8aa6c43daea6690f20ad3d8d48b2d2ce9e38e4'
  },
  {
    mnemonic: 'abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon about',
    passphrase: 'TREZOR',
    seed: 'c55257c360c07c72029aebc1b53c05ed0362ada38ead3e3e9efa3708e53495531f09a6987599d18264c1e1c92f2cf141630c7a3c4ab7c81b2f001698e7463b04'
  },
  {
    mnemonic: 'legal winner thank year wave sausage worth useful legal winner thank yellow',
    passphrase: '',
    seed: '878386efb78845b3355bd15ea4d39ef97d179cb712b77d5c12b6be415fffeffe5f377ba02bf3f8544ab800b955e51fbff09828f682052a20faa6addbbddfb096'
  }
];

// Verify implementation
for (const { mnemonic, passphrase, seed: expectedHex } of testVectors) {
  const actualSeed = await Bip39.mnemonicToSeed(mnemonic, passphrase);
  const actualHex = Array(actualSeed)
    .map(b => b.toString(16).padStart(2, '0'))
    .join('');

  console.assert(actualHex === expectedHex, 'Seed derivation mismatch');
}

// Derive multiple seeds in parallel
const mnemonics = [
  Bip39.generateMnemonic(256),
  Bip39.generateMnemonic(256),
  Bip39.generateMnemonic(256),
];

const seeds = await Promise.all(
  mnemonics.map(m => Bip39.mnemonicToSeed(m))
);

console.log(seeds.length); // 3

// For large batch operations
async function deriveWithProgress(mnemonics: string[]) {
  const seeds = [];

  for (let i = 0; i < mnemonics.length; i++) {
    const seed = await Bip39.mnemonicToSeed(mnemonics[i]);
    seeds.push(seed);

    const progress = ((i + 1) / mnemonics.length) * 100;
    console.log(`Progress: ${progress.toFixed(1)}%`);
  }

  return seeds;
}

// Cache seeds for performance (careful with security)
class SeedCache {
  private cache = new Map<string, Uint8Array>();

  async getSeed(mnemonic: string, passphrase = ''): Promise<Uint8Array> {
    const key = `${mnemonic}:${passphrase}`;

    if (!this.cache.has(key)) {
      const seed = await Bip39.mnemonicToSeed(mnemonic, passphrase);
      this.cache.set(key, seed);
    }

    return this.cache.get(key)!;
  }

  clear() {
    // Zero out seeds before clearing
    for (const seed of this.cache.values()) {
      seed.fill(0);
    }
    this.cache.clear();
  }
}

try {
  const seed = await Bip39.mnemonicToSeed('invalid mnemonic phrase');
} catch (error) {
  console.error('Seed derivation failed:', error);
  // Validation error
}

// Original
const seed1 = await Bip39.mnemonicToSeed(mnemonic, 'password');

// Typo (completely different seed!)
const seed2 = await Bip39.mnemonicToSeed(mnemonic, 'pasword');

// No warning - both are valid but different
console.log(seed1.some((byte, i) => byte !== seed2[i])); // true

import * as Bip39 from '@tevm/voltaire/Bip39';
import * as HDWallet from '@tevm/voltaire/HDWallet';

// 1. Generate mnemonic
const mnemonic = Bip39.generateMnemonic(256);

// 2. Derive seed
const seed = await Bip39.mnemonicToSeed(mnemonic, 'optional passphrase');

// 3. Create HD wallet
const root = HDWallet.fromSeed(seed);

// 4. Derive accounts
const eth0 = HDWallet.deriveEthereum(root, 0, 0);
const privateKey = eth0.getPrivateKey();

console.log(privateKey); // Uint8Array(32)