type GasEstimateType = bigint & { readonly [brand]: "GasEstimate" };

1. eth_estimateGas → minimum gas needed
2. Add buffer (20-30%) → account for variability
3. Set as gasLimit → transaction max gas
4. Execute → actual gasUsed ≤ gasLimit
5. Refund → (gasLimit - gasUsed) returned

import { GasEstimate } from '@tevm/primitives';

// From eth_estimateGas response
const estimate = GasEstimate.from(rpcEstimate);

// From bigint
const est = GasEstimate.from(100_000n);

// From number
const est2 = GasEstimate.from(100000);

// From hex string
const est3 = GasEstimate.from("0x186a0");

const estimate = GasEstimate.from(100_000n);
GasEstimate.toNumber(estimate); // 100000

const estimate = GasEstimate.from(100_000n);
GasEstimate.toBigInt(estimate); // 100000n

const estimate = GasEstimate.from(100_000n);
GasEstimate.toHex(estimate); // "0x186a0"

GasEstimate.equals(100_000n, 100_000n); // true
GasEstimate.equals(100_000n, 120_000n); // false

GasEstimate.compare(100_000n, 120_000n); // -1
GasEstimate.compare(100_000n, 100_000n); // 0
GasEstimate.compare(120_000n, 100_000n); // 1

const estimate = GasEstimate.from(100_000n);

// Add 20% buffer (recommended)
const buffered = GasEstimate.withBuffer(estimate, 20);
// 120,000n

// Add 30% buffer (conservative)
const safe = GasEstimate.withBuffer(estimate, 30);
// 130,000n

const estimate = GasEstimate.from(100_000n);
const withBuffer = GasEstimate.withBuffer(estimate, 25);
const gasLimit = GasEstimate.toGasLimit(withBuffer);
// 125,000n - ready to use as transaction gasLimit

import { GasEstimate } from '@tevm/primitives';

// Get estimate from RPC
const estimate = await provider.estimateGas({
  to: '0x...',
  data: '0x...',
});

const gasEstimate = GasEstimate.from(estimate);
console.log(`Estimated gas: ${GasEstimate.toNumber(gasEstimate)}`);

import { GasEstimate } from '@tevm/primitives';

// Estimate gas
const rawEstimate = await provider.estimateGas(tx);
const estimate = GasEstimate.from(rawEstimate);

// Add 25% buffer for safety
const withBuffer = GasEstimate.withBuffer(estimate, 25);
const gasLimit = GasEstimate.toGasLimit(withBuffer);

// Send transaction with buffered gas limit
const signedTx = await wallet.signTransaction({
  ...tx,
  gasLimit,
});

await provider.sendTransaction(signedTx);

import { GasEstimate } from '@tevm/primitives';

const estimate = GasEstimate.from(100_000n);

const strategies = [
  { name: 'Standard', buffer: 20 },
  { name: 'Conservative', buffer: 30 },
  { name: 'Very Safe', buffer: 50 },
];

for (const { name, buffer } of strategies) {
  const buffered = GasEstimate.withBuffer(estimate, buffer);
  const limit = GasEstimate.toGasLimit(buffered);
  console.log(`${name}: ${limit} gas`);
}
// Standard: 120000 gas
// Conservative: 130000 gas
// Very Safe: 150000 gas

import { GasEstimate } from '@tevm/primitives';

async function estimateWithCongestion(tx) {
  const baseEstimate = await provider.estimateGas(tx);
  const estimate = GasEstimate.from(baseEstimate);

  // Check network congestion
  const block = await provider.getBlock('latest');
  const utilization = Number(block.gasUsed) / Number(block.gasLimit);

  // Adjust buffer based on congestion
  let buffer = 20; // Base 20%
  if (utilization > 0.9) buffer = 50; // High congestion
  else if (utilization > 0.7) buffer = 35; // Medium congestion

  const withBuffer = GasEstimate.withBuffer(estimate, buffer);
  return GasEstimate.toGasLimit(withBuffer);
}

const buffered = GasEstimate.withBuffer(estimate, 20);

const buffered = GasEstimate.withBuffer(estimate, 35);

const buffered = GasEstimate.withBuffer(estimate, 50);