> ## Documentation Index
> Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://voltaire.tevm.sh/llms.txt
> Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.

# Context

> Auto-generated API documentation

[**@tevm/voltaire**](../../index.mdx)

***

[@tevm/voltaire](../../index.mdx) / [evm](../index.mdx) / Context

# Context

## Functions

### address()

> **address**(`frame`): [`EvmError`](../index.mdx#evmerror) | `null`

Defined in: [src/evm/context/0x30\_ADDRESS.js:14](https://github.com/evmts/voltaire/blob/bd6ec34405c15ad8cd51d11579d495dc53813482/src/evm/context/0x30_ADDRESS.js#L14)

ADDRESS opcode (0x30) - Get address of currently executing account

Stack: \[] => \[address]
Gas: 2 (GasQuickStep)

#### Parameters

##### frame

[`BrandedFrame`](../index.mdx#brandedframe)

Frame instance

#### Returns

[`EvmError`](../index.mdx#evmerror) | `null`

Error if any

***

### balance()

> **balance**(`frame`, `host`): [`EvmError`](../index.mdx#evmerror) | `null`

Defined in: [src/evm/context/0x31\_BALANCE.js:27](https://github.com/evmts/voltaire/blob/bd6ec34405c15ad8cd51d11579d495dc53813482/src/evm/context/0x31_BALANCE.js#L27)

BALANCE opcode (0x31) - Get balance of an account

Stack: \[address] => \[balance]

Gas costs vary by hardfork (EIP-150, EIP-1884, EIP-2929):

* Pre-Tangerine Whistle: 20 gas
* Tangerine Whistle (EIP-150): 400 gas
* Istanbul (EIP-1884): 700 gas
* Berlin (EIP-2929): 2600 gas (cold) / 100 gas (warm)

EIP-2929 (Berlin) tracks warm/cold access for state operations:

* Cold access: First time address is accessed in transaction (2600 gas)
* Warm access: Subsequent accesses to same address (100 gas)
* Tracking maintained in frame.accessedAddresses Set

#### Parameters

##### frame

[`BrandedFrame`](../index.mdx#brandedframe)

Frame instance

##### host

[`BrandedHost`](../index.mdx#brandedhost)

Host interface

#### Returns

[`EvmError`](../index.mdx#evmerror) | `null`

Error if any

***

### calldatacopy()

> **calldatacopy**(`frame`): [`EvmError`](../index.mdx#evmerror) | `null`

Defined in: [src/evm/context/0x37\_CALLDATACOPY.js:42](https://github.com/evmts/voltaire/blob/bd6ec34405c15ad8cd51d11579d495dc53813482/src/evm/context/0x37_CALLDATACOPY.js#L42)

CALLDATACOPY opcode (0x37) - Copy input data in current environment to memory

Stack: \[destOffset, offset, length] => \[]
Gas: 3 (GasFastestStep) + memory expansion + copy cost

Copies length bytes from calldata\[offset:offset+length] to memory\[destOffset:destOffset+length].
If offset + i >= calldata.length, remaining bytes are zero-padded.

#### Parameters

##### frame

[`BrandedFrame`](../index.mdx#brandedframe)

Frame instance

#### Returns

[`EvmError`](../index.mdx#evmerror) | `null`

Error if any

***

### calldataload()

> **calldataload**(`frame`): [`EvmError`](../index.mdx#evmerror) | `null`

Defined in: [src/evm/context/0x35\_CALLDATALOAD.js:32](https://github.com/evmts/voltaire/blob/bd6ec34405c15ad8cd51d11579d495dc53813482/src/evm/context/0x35_CALLDATALOAD.js#L32)

CALLDATALOAD opcode (0x35) - Get input data of current environment

Stack: \[offset] => \[data]
Gas: 3 (GasFastestStep)

Loads 32 bytes from calldata starting at offset. If offset + i >= calldata.length,
remaining bytes are zero-padded.

#### Parameters

##### frame

[`BrandedFrame`](../index.mdx#brandedframe)

Frame instance

#### Returns

[`EvmError`](../index.mdx#evmerror) | `null`

Error if any

***

### calldatasize()

> **calldatasize**(`frame`): [`EvmError`](../index.mdx#evmerror) | `null`

Defined in: [src/evm/context/0x36\_CALLDATASIZE.js:13](https://github.com/evmts/voltaire/blob/bd6ec34405c15ad8cd51d11579d495dc53813482/src/evm/context/0x36_CALLDATASIZE.js#L13)

CALLDATASIZE opcode (0x36) - Get size of input data in current environment

Stack: \[] => \[size]
Gas: 2 (GasQuickStep)

#### Parameters

##### frame

[`BrandedFrame`](../index.mdx#brandedframe)

Frame instance

#### Returns

[`EvmError`](../index.mdx#evmerror) | `null`

Error if any

***

### caller()

> **caller**(`frame`): [`EvmError`](../index.mdx#evmerror) | `null`

Defined in: [src/evm/context/0x33\_CALLER.js:14](https://github.com/evmts/voltaire/blob/bd6ec34405c15ad8cd51d11579d495dc53813482/src/evm/context/0x33_CALLER.js#L14)

CALLER opcode (0x33) - Get caller address

Stack: \[] => \[caller]
Gas: 2 (GasQuickStep)

#### Parameters

##### frame

[`BrandedFrame`](../index.mdx#brandedframe)

Frame instance

#### Returns

[`EvmError`](../index.mdx#evmerror) | `null`

Error if any

***

### callvalue()

> **callvalue**(`frame`): [`EvmError`](../index.mdx#evmerror) | `null`

Defined in: [src/evm/context/0x34\_CALLVALUE.js:13](https://github.com/evmts/voltaire/blob/bd6ec34405c15ad8cd51d11579d495dc53813482/src/evm/context/0x34_CALLVALUE.js#L13)

CALLVALUE opcode (0x34) - Get deposited value by instruction/transaction responsible for this execution

Stack: \[] => \[value]
Gas: 2 (GasQuickStep)

#### Parameters

##### frame

[`BrandedFrame`](../index.mdx#brandedframe)

Frame instance

#### Returns

[`EvmError`](../index.mdx#evmerror) | `null`

Error if any

***

### codecopy()

> **codecopy**(`frame`): [`EvmError`](../index.mdx#evmerror) | `null`

Defined in: [src/evm/context/0x39\_CODECOPY.js:42](https://github.com/evmts/voltaire/blob/bd6ec34405c15ad8cd51d11579d495dc53813482/src/evm/context/0x39_CODECOPY.js#L42)

CODECOPY opcode (0x39) - Copy code running in current environment to memory

Stack: \[destOffset, offset, length] => \[]
Gas: 3 (GasFastestStep) + memory expansion + copy cost

Copies length bytes from bytecode\[offset:offset+length] to memory\[destOffset:destOffset+length].
If offset + i >= bytecode.length, remaining bytes are zero-padded.

#### Parameters

##### frame

[`BrandedFrame`](../index.mdx#brandedframe)

Frame instance

#### Returns

[`EvmError`](../index.mdx#evmerror) | `null`

Error if any

***

### codesize()

> **codesize**(`frame`): [`EvmError`](../index.mdx#evmerror) | `null`

Defined in: [src/evm/context/0x38\_CODESIZE.js:13](https://github.com/evmts/voltaire/blob/bd6ec34405c15ad8cd51d11579d495dc53813482/src/evm/context/0x38_CODESIZE.js#L13)

CODESIZE opcode (0x38) - Get size of code running in current environment

Stack: \[] => \[size]
Gas: 2 (GasQuickStep)

#### Parameters

##### frame

[`BrandedFrame`](../index.mdx#brandedframe)

Frame instance

#### Returns

[`EvmError`](../index.mdx#evmerror) | `null`

Error if any

***

### extcodecopy()

> **extcodecopy**(`frame`, `host`): [`EvmError`](../index.mdx#evmerror) | `null`

Defined in: [src/evm/context/0x3c\_EXTCODECOPY.js:57](https://github.com/evmts/voltaire/blob/bd6ec34405c15ad8cd51d11579d495dc53813482/src/evm/context/0x3c_EXTCODECOPY.js#L57)

EXTCODECOPY opcode (0x3c) - Copy an account's code to memory

Stack: \[address, destOffset, offset, size] => \[]

Gas costs include three components:

1. Access cost: hardfork-dependent (EIP-150, EIP-1884, EIP-2929)
2. Copy cost: 3 gas per 32-byte word (rounded up)
3. Memory expansion cost: Quadratic expansion cost for new memory

Gas varies by hardfork:

* Pre-Tangerine Whistle: 20 gas access
* Tangerine Whistle (EIP-150): 700 gas access
* Istanbul (EIP-1884): 700 gas access
* Berlin (EIP-2929): 2600 gas (cold) / 100 gas (warm) access

EIP-2929 (Berlin) tracks warm/cold access for state operations.
Copies size bytes from code\[offset:offset+size] to memory\[destOffset:].
Missing bytes (beyond code length) are zero-padded.

#### Parameters

##### frame

[`BrandedFrame`](../index.mdx#brandedframe)

Frame instance

##### host

[`BrandedHost`](../index.mdx#brandedhost)

Host interface

#### Returns

[`EvmError`](../index.mdx#evmerror) | `null`

Error if any

***

### extcodehash()

> **extcodehash**(`frame`, `host`): [`EvmError`](../index.mdx#evmerror) | `null`

Defined in: [src/evm/context/0x3f\_EXTCODEHASH.js:32](https://github.com/evmts/voltaire/blob/bd6ec34405c15ad8cd51d11579d495dc53813482/src/evm/context/0x3f_EXTCODEHASH.js#L32)

EXTCODEHASH opcode (0x3f) - Get hash of an account's code

Stack: \[address] => \[hash]

Gas costs vary by hardfork (EIP-1884, EIP-2929):

* Constantinople-Istanbul: 400 gas
* Istanbul-Berlin: 700 gas (EIP-1884)
* Berlin+ (EIP-2929): 2600 gas (cold) / 100 gas (warm)

EIP-1052 (Constantinople): Introduces EXTCODEHASH opcode

* Returns keccak256 hash of account's code
* Returns 0 for non-existent accounts (instead of empty hash)
* Can be used for code verification without deploying full code

EIP-2929 (Berlin) tracks warm/cold access for state operations.

#### Parameters

##### frame

[`BrandedFrame`](../index.mdx#brandedframe)

Frame instance

##### host

[`BrandedHost`](../index.mdx#brandedhost)

Host interface

#### Returns

[`EvmError`](../index.mdx#evmerror) | `null`

Error if any

***

### extcodesize()

> **extcodesize**(`frame`, `host`): [`EvmError`](../index.mdx#evmerror) | `null`

Defined in: [src/evm/context/0x3b\_EXTCODESIZE.js:27](https://github.com/evmts/voltaire/blob/bd6ec34405c15ad8cd51d11579d495dc53813482/src/evm/context/0x3b_EXTCODESIZE.js#L27)

EXTCODESIZE opcode (0x3b) - Get size of an account's code

Stack: \[address] => \[codeSize]

Gas costs vary by hardfork (EIP-150, EIP-1884, EIP-2929):

* Pre-Tangerine Whistle: 20 gas
* Tangerine Whistle (EIP-150): 700 gas
* Istanbul (EIP-1884): 700 gas
* Berlin (EIP-2929): 2600 gas (cold) / 100 gas (warm)

EIP-2929 (Berlin) tracks warm/cold access for state operations:

* Cold access: First time address is accessed in transaction (2600 gas)
* Warm access: Subsequent accesses to same address (100 gas)
* Tracking maintained in frame.accessedAddresses Set

#### Parameters

##### frame

[`BrandedFrame`](../index.mdx#brandedframe)

Frame instance

##### host

[`BrandedHost`](../index.mdx#brandedhost)

Host interface

#### Returns

[`EvmError`](../index.mdx#evmerror) | `null`

Error if any

***

### gasprice()

> **gasprice**(`frame`, `gasPrice`): [`EvmError`](../index.mdx#evmerror) | `null`

Defined in: [src/evm/context/0x3a\_GASPRICE.js:14](https://github.com/evmts/voltaire/blob/bd6ec34405c15ad8cd51d11579d495dc53813482/src/evm/context/0x3a_GASPRICE.js#L14)

GASPRICE opcode (0x3a) - Get price of gas in current environment

Stack: \[] => \[gasPrice]
Gas: 2 (GasQuickStep)

#### Parameters

##### frame

[`BrandedFrame`](../index.mdx#brandedframe)

Frame instance

##### gasPrice

`bigint`

Transaction gas price

#### Returns

[`EvmError`](../index.mdx#evmerror) | `null`

Error if any

***

### origin()

> **origin**(`frame`, `origin`): [`EvmError`](../index.mdx#evmerror) | `null`

Defined in: [src/evm/context/0x32\_ORIGIN.js:15](https://github.com/evmts/voltaire/blob/bd6ec34405c15ad8cd51d11579d495dc53813482/src/evm/context/0x32_ORIGIN.js#L15)

ORIGIN opcode (0x32) - Get execution origination address

Stack: \[] => \[origin]
Gas: 2 (GasQuickStep)

#### Parameters

##### frame

[`BrandedFrame`](../index.mdx#brandedframe)

Frame instance

##### origin

[`AddressType`](../../primitives/Address.mdx#addresstype)

Transaction origin address

#### Returns

[`EvmError`](../index.mdx#evmerror) | `null`

Error if any

***

### returndatacopy()

> **returndatacopy**(`frame`): [`EvmError`](../index.mdx#evmerror) | `null`

Defined in: [src/evm/context/0x3e\_RETURNDATACOPY.js:53](https://github.com/evmts/voltaire/blob/bd6ec34405c15ad8cd51d11579d495dc53813482/src/evm/context/0x3e_RETURNDATACOPY.js#L53)

RETURNDATACOPY opcode (0x3e) - Copy output data from the previous call to memory

Stack: \[destOffset, offset, length] => \[]
Gas: 3 (GasFastestStep) + memory expansion + copy cost

EIP-211: Introduced in Byzantium hardfork
Copies length bytes from returnData\[offset:offset+length] to memory\[destOffset:destOffset+length].
Throws OutOfBounds if offset + length > returnData.length.

#### Parameters

##### frame

[`BrandedFrame`](../index.mdx#brandedframe)

Frame instance

#### Returns

[`EvmError`](../index.mdx#evmerror) | `null`

Error if any

***

### returndatasize()

> **returndatasize**(`frame`): [`EvmError`](../index.mdx#evmerror) | `null`

Defined in: [src/evm/context/0x3d\_RETURNDATASIZE.js:15](https://github.com/evmts/voltaire/blob/bd6ec34405c15ad8cd51d11579d495dc53813482/src/evm/context/0x3d_RETURNDATASIZE.js#L15)

RETURNDATASIZE opcode (0x3d) - Get size of output data from the previous call

Stack: \[] => \[size]
Gas: 2 (GasQuickStep)

EIP-211: Introduced in Byzantium hardfork

#### Parameters

##### frame

[`BrandedFrame`](../index.mdx#brandedframe)

Frame instance

#### Returns

[`EvmError`](../index.mdx#evmerror) | `null`

Error if any